Antler velvet has been used in traditional Chinese medicines for over two thousand years. It has long been recognized as one of the most effective and powerful invigorants for strengthening the kidney, sexual-reinforcing, and prolonging life. Many substances from antler velvet were identified and claimed to contain active components, including unsaturated fatty acid, hypoxanthine, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, phospholipids, cholesterol, estrogen and progesterone, insulin-like growth factorⅠ(IGF-1) and...