【作者】 邢孟军； 李健； 解衡； 石磊；

【Author】 XING Mengjun;LI Jian;XIE Heng;SHI Lei;Key Laboratory of Advanced Reactor Engineering and Safety of Ministry of Education,Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology,Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology,Tsinghua University;

【机构】 清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院先进核能技术协同创新中心先进反应堆工程与安全教育部重点实验室；

【摘要】 研究型反应堆是一种专门用于科学实验、技术研发、教育培训或医疗应用的核反应堆,是重要的核科技基础研究设施,在工业、农业、医疗等领域具有重要应用。法规标准体系是研究堆设计研发、安全审评和运营管理的基础和保障。本文对美国研究堆的法规标准体系进行了初步研究,系统梳理了美国研究堆的法规框架与核心要素。美国建立了较完善的研究堆法规标准体系,涵盖了设计、建造、运行和退役等全生命周期。在美国核管会(NRC)与能源部(DOE)双轨监管机制下,以《原子能法》和《能源重组法》为上位法,构建了由联邦法规(10 CFR系列)、核管会(NRC)监管导则、行业标准(ANS标准)及国际原子能机构(IAEA)导则组成的四层法规体系。该体系以风险为导向,通过分级许可和专项审查实现精准监管。在安全监管实践中,通过许可与设计审查、定期检查与报告、风险分级监管形成闭环监管机制,并依托技术支持组织(TSO)提供专业技术支撑。与此同时,美国注重核安全文化建设,推动运营单位建立自我评估体系,形成政府监管与行业自律的协同机制。本文工作可为进一步健全完善我国研究堆法规标准体系提供参考和借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 Research reactors are specialized nuclear reactors designed for scientific experiments,technological research and development,education and training,or medical applications.They serve as crucial foundational facilities for nuclear science and technology research,with significant applications in industry,agriculture,healthcare,and other fields.The regulatory standard system is the foundation and guarantee for the design,development,safety review,and operation management of research reactors.This article conducted a preliminary study on the regulatory standard system of research reactors in the United States,systematically sorting out the regulatory framework and core elements of research reactors in the United States.The United States has established a relatively complete regulatory standard system for research reactors,covering the entire lifecycle of design,construction,operation,and decommissioning.Under the dual track regulatory mechanism of the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Department of Energy,a four tiered regulatory system consisting of federal regulations,regulatory guidelines from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission,industry standards,and guidelines from the International Atomic Energy Agency has been established,with the Atomic Energy Act and the Energy Reorganization Act as higher-level laws.This system is risk oriented and achieves precise supervision through graded licensing and specialized review.In the practice of safety supervision,a closed-loop supervision mechanism is formed through licensing and design review,regular inspection and reporting,and risk grading supervision,and professional technical support is provided by the Technical Support Organization(TSO).At the same time,the United States attaches great importance to the construction of nuclear safety culture,promotes the establishment of self-assessment systems by operating units,and forms a collaborative mechanism between government regulation and industry self-discipline.This work can provide reference and inspiration for further improving the regulatory and standard system of research reactors in China.更多还原