【作者】 张晨晖； 邵韵如； 张力为；

【Author】 Chenhui Zhang;Liwei Zhang;School of Psychology,Beijing Sport University;

【机构】 北京体育大学心理学院；

【摘要】 在竞技运动领域,自我控制是运动员发挥最佳运动表现的关键因素(Englert,2017;张力为,2013)。自我控制的力量模型提出(Baumeister et al.,1994),所有的自我控制行为都基于一种有限的共用能量。在完成一项自我控制任务后,如果消耗的能量未得到及时补充,个体就会出现自控能力下降的现象,即"自我损耗"效应(Baumeister et al.,2007;高科等,2012)。然而,以往研究通常仅将自我损耗效应归因于认知任务引起的能量消耗,忽略了运动任务也可能会产生自我损耗效应(Brown et al.,2020;Hunte et al.,2022)。此外,自我控制力量模型并未涉及不同类型任务引发的自我消耗效应是否存在差异,以及这种差异是否会对自我控制能力产生不同的影响(Baumeister et al.,2007;Forestier et al.,2022)。基于上述观点,本研究采用"双任务"范式探讨认知与运动任务的自我损耗对运动表现的影响是否不同。本研究分为两个实验,分别探讨不同类型的自我损耗对技能性和体能性运动表现的影响。实验均采用3(自我损耗类型:认知任务的自我损耗,运动任务的自我损耗,控制组)×2(测量顺序:前测,后侧)混合实验设计。认知任务为不一致的stroop任务,运动任务为功率自行车任务,控制组观看中性纪录片,时间均为15分钟。实验一选取48名大学生运动员(国家二级及以上),自我损耗的检测任务为技能性运动任务,指标为12次飞镖投掷任务的平均成绩。实验二选取48名大学生运动员(国家二级及以上),自我损耗的检测任务为体能性运动任务,指标为测量参与者持续50%最大握力的坚持时长。实验一、二的结果解释基本一致。操纵检查结果表明,认知组和运动组在完成自我损耗诱发任务后,报告的主观用力感(RPE)和难度明显高于控制组,而认知组和运动组之间没有显著差异。结果表明,认知组和运动组产生了自我损耗效应,但认知组和运动组的运动表现并没有显著差异。综上所述,自我损耗效应可能与诱发任务类型无关,在控制任务难度和RPE相同的情况下,自我损耗效应对运动表现的影响也相同。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the field of competitive sports,self-control is a key factor for athletes to achieve their best performance(Englert,2017;Zhang,2013).The strength model of self-control proposed by Baumeister et al.(1994)suggests that all self-control behaviors are based on a limited shared resource.After completing a self-control task,if the expended energy is not promptly replenished,individuals may experience a decrease in self-control ability,known as the "ego depletion" effect(Baumeister et al.,2007;Gao et al.,2012).However,previous research has often attributed the ego depletion effect solely to the energy consumption caused by cognitive tasks,neglecting the possibility that physical tasks may also lead to ego depletion(Brown et al.,2020;Hunte et al.,2022).Furthermore,the strength model of self-control has not addressed whether there are differences in ego depletion effects between different types of tasks and whether such differences may have varying impacts on self-control ability(Baumeister et al.,2007;Forestier et al.,2022).Based on the above perspectives,this study adopted a "dual-task" paradigm to investigate whether the impact of ego depletion from cognitive and physical tasks differs on sports performance.The study consisted of two experiments,exploring the effects of different types of ego depletion on skill-based and endurance-based sports performance.Both experiments used a 3(task of ego depletion types:cognitive task,physical task,control group)× 2(measurement order:pre-test,post-test) mixed experimental design.The cognitive task involved an incongruent Stroop task,the physical task involved a power-based stationary cycling task,and the control group watched a neutral documentary,with each task lasting for 15 minutes.In Experiment 1,48 university-level athletes(national second-level and above) participated,and the detection task for ego depletion was a skill-based sports task,with the average score of 12 darts throwing tasks as the indicator.In Experiment 2,48 university-level athletes(national second-level and above) were selected,and the detection task for ego depletion was an endurance-based sports task,with the duration of maintaining 50% of maximum grip strength as the indicator.The results of Experiments 1 and 2 were essentially consistent.Manipulation check results indicated that both the cognitive group and the physical group reported significantly higher levels of subjective effort(RPE) and difficulty after completing the ego depletion-inducing tasks compared to the control group,with no significant difference between the cognitive group and the physical group.The results suggest that both the cognitive group and the physical group experienced ego depletion effects,but there was no significant difference in sports performance between them.In conclusion,the ego depletion effect may not be dependent on the type of inducing task,and under conditions where task difficulty and RPE are the same,the impact of ego depletion on sports performance is also similar for cognitive and physical tasks.更多还原