【作者】 白亚停； 何文广；

【Author】 Bai Yating;He Wenguang;Institute of psychology,Qufu Normal University;

【机构】 曲阜师范大学心理学院；

【摘要】 有关语义认知是否存在老化一直存在争议,一些研究认为如同诸多认知能力,语义认知同样存在老化,但也有研究认为老年人依然有着较好的语义认知能力（Laver, 2009; Verhaeghen, 2003）。为探究该问题,本研究采用图-词干扰范式,操纵词汇与图片间的语义关联性（一致、高相关、低相关和无关）,让老年或年轻被试根据颜色线索阅读词汇或命名图片,记录被试的反应时和正确率。词汇阅读任务:（1）反应时:语义关联性主效应显著,F_{（3, 144）}=6.11, p <.01,η_p²=.11,事后多重比表明,一致条件反应时最短,其次是无关条件,语义高相关条件下反应时最长,但后三种条件差异不显著。被试主效应不显著,语义关联性和被试间交互作用显著,F_{（3, 144）}=3.42, p <.05,η_p²=.07,简单效应分析表明,两类被试语义关联性效应都达到了显著水平,老年被试语义关联性效应更为明显;（2）正确率:语义关联性主效应显著,F_{（3, 144）}=8.05, p <.01,η_p²=.14,事后多重比较表明,无关条件下错误率最高,与其它三种条件差异显著,其他条件差异不显著。被试主效应显著,F_{（1, 48）}=7.84, p <.01,η_p²=.14,老年人正确率较低,语义关联性和被试间交互作用显著,F_{（3, 144）}=5.18, p <.01,η_p²=.10,简单效应分析表明,年轻被试语义关联性效应不显著,老年被试语义关联性效应显著。图片命名任务:（1）反应时:语义关联性主效应显著,F_{（3, 144）}=12.07, p <.001,η_p²=.20,事后多重比较表明,高相关条件反应时最长,与其它三种条件差异显著,其它条件差异不显著。被试主效应显著,F_{（3, 48）}=28.27, p <.001,η_p²=.37,老年被试反应时间较长,语义关联性和被试间交互作用显著,F_{（3, 144）}=7.3, p <.001,η_p²=.13,简单效应分析表明,老年被试语义关联性效应不显著,年轻被试效应显著,F_{（3, 144）}=23.23, p <.001,η_p²=.31;（2）正确率分析:语义关联性主效应不显著,被试主效应不显著,语义关联性和被试间交互作用显著,F_{（3, 144）}=8.89, p <.001,η_p²=.16,简单效应分析表明,两类被试语义关联性效应都显著,老年被试效应表现较小,F_{（3, 144）}=3.02, p <.05,η_p²=.06,年轻被试效应较为明显,F_{（3, 144）}=7.28, p <.00,η_p²=.14。结论:（1）语言产出中语义关联性效应显著,高语义关联条件下被试反应较慢且错误率较高;（2）语义认知老化效应明显,较之于年轻被试,在图-词任务语义高关联条件下,老年被试反应时较长。主要原因可能是老年人认知控制能力的衰退,存在语义干扰时老年人不能较好地抑制干扰因素的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Whether or not semantic cognition aging effect is present has been controversial, although some studies have found semantic cognition aging like other cognitive abilities, others claimed that older adults still have better semantic cognition abilities. To probe this problem, the present study has employed the picture-word interference paradigm and manipulated different degree of semantic associations between words and pictures（repeated, high associations, low associations, and no associations）. According to the colors of cues older or young participants need to read the words or name the pictures, recording their response time and correct rate. The words reading task:（1）response time: the main effect of semantic association is significant, F_{（3, 144）} = 6.11, p <.01, η_p² =.1, multiple comparisons indicate that response time of the repeated condition is the shortest followed by no associations condition, time of high association condition is the longest, but the latter three have no significant difference. The main effect of participants is not significant, but a significant interaction effect between semantic association and participants has been found, F_{（3, 144）} = 3.42, p <.05, η_p² =.07. Simple effects analysis demonstrates that the semantic association effects of both the two kinds of participants are significant and the effect of the older is stronger;（2）correct rate: the main effect of semantic association is significant, F_{（3, 144）} = 8.05, p <.01, η_p² =.14, multiple comparisons demonstrate that wrong rate is the highest for the no associations condition, showing significant differences with other three conditions, but there are no significant differences among other three conditions. The main effect of participants is significant, F_{（1, 48）}= 7.84, p <.01, η_p² =.14, the correct rate of the older is lower, the interaction effect between semantic association and participants is significant, F_{（3, 144）} = 5.18, p <.01, η_p² =.10, simple effects analysis demonstrates that the semantic association effect of the young is not significant but the older. Pictures naming task:（1） response time: the main effect of semantic association is significant, F_{（3, 144）} = 12.07, p <.001, η_p²=.20, multiple comparisons indicate that response time of the high association condition is the longest, showing significant differences with other three conditions, but there are no significant differences among other three conditions. The main effect of participants is significant, F_{（3, 48）} = 28.27, p <.001, η_p² =.37, the older response longer,the interaction effect between semantic association and participants is significant, F_{（3, 144）} = 7.3, p <.001, η_p² =.13,simple effects analysis demonstrates that the semantic association effects of the old is not significant but the young,F_{（3, 144）} = 23.23, p <.001, η_p² =.31;（2） correct rate: the main effect of semantic association is not significant, but a significant interaction effect between semantic association and participants has been found, F_{（3, 144）} = 8.89, p <.001,η_p² =.16, simple effects analysis demonstrates that the semantic association effect of both the two kinds of participants are significant, but the effect of the old is weaker, F_{（3, 144）} = 3.02, p <.05, η_p² =.06, and the effect of the young is stronger, F_{（3, 144）} = 7.28, p <.00, η_p² =.14. Conclusions:（1） there is a significant semantic association effect during language production, participants respond longer with a high wrong rate in the high association condition;（2）semantic cognition aging effect is obvious, comparing with the young, the older need longer time to respond in high association condition of the picture-words interference tasks. The main reason may be the cognitive control abilities’ aging, so the older could not control the effects of interference factories when the semantic interference is present.更多还原