【作者】 汪东风； 江晓路； 许加超； 杨贤庆； 徐莹； 姜进举； 孙逊； 张丹丹；

【Author】 Wang Dongfeng;Jiang Xiaolu;Xu Jiachao;Yang Xianqing;Xu Ying;Jiang Jinzhu;Sun Xun;Zhang DANDan;Colloge of Food Science and Engineering,Ocean University of China;State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Seaweed Substances;South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute,China Academy of Fishery Science;

【机构】 中国海洋大学食品科学与工程学院； 海藻活性物质国家重点实验室； 中国水产科学研究院南海水产研究所；

【摘要】 海洋碳水化合物高值化转化主要指海藻及甲壳动物中主要成分海藻多糖和壳聚糖的高值化应用。海藻多糖是海藻产业的主要工业品,年产量约3.5万吨,占世界总产量的60%,食品级和医药级海藻多糖精深加工品仅占总产量的22.8%,而国外约在80%左右。海洋生物每年约产壳聚糖10亿吨以上,仅水产品的甲壳废弃物可制备壳聚糖约4000吨,目前我国壳聚糖产量约5000吨,主要用于出口,商业化应用比例不大。针对我国海洋碳水化合物生物质产业现状,围绕其产业转型升级中的关键技术瓶颈问题,基于环境友好和海洋碳水化合物原料精深加工的要求,近年来,我们通过从特异性海藻多糖工具酶、壳聚糖分子衍生物以及利用海藻渣转化功能性海藻膳食纤维等方面进行了高值化转化基础与应用研究,为整体提升我国海洋碳水化合物资源高值化综合利用水平提供参考。海洋碳水化合物分子结构与陆地植物碳水化合物相比有其特异性,除直接应用外,经过适度降解、配位络合离子、接枝相关分子等修饰,还会使海洋碳水化合物转化产品表现出诸多特异功能,具有无法比拟的市场竞争优势。我们从海洋来源的褐藻胶裂解酶产生菌种诱变育种与菌种定向进化技术等方面取得重要突破,筛分到高活力、产酶性能稳定的多个菌株,并对其酶学性质有一定的研究,应用该菌株并进行工程化,可工业化生产高纯度的特定活性的寡糖;以壳聚糖为基质,通过修饰研制出具有金属水解酶活性的树脂,该树脂对肽键和磷酯键有较好的水解作用,具有较大的应用前景;根据配位化学原理,制备水溶性的壳寡糖金属配合物对栉孔扇贝体内的镉有较好的脱除作用,扇贝净化时加入少量的寡糖配合物,在第三天时镉的净化率可达47%,同时扇贝体内氨基酸等营养成分含量几乎没变;采用分子印迹技术制备的壳聚糖砷或铅印迹树脂,对水溶液和海带汁中的砷进行吸附实验,砷的脱除率可达44%以上,钙、镁、铁等元素的含量没有显著降低;以壳聚糖为基质制备的可降解、可食用的保鲜材料除有保鲜延长果蔬货架期的作用外,还有降有机磷农药残留作用,涂抹黄瓜3天,对其毒死蜱农药残留降解率可达73%以上;根据壳聚糖和海藻多糖的结构特点制备的多层功能性可食用性包装材料,已实现了商业化加工;以海藻多糖为对象,建立了一套包括化学法提取、改性活化、功能活性评价等海藻膳食纤维的研究及应用技术。更多还原

【Abstract】 The high value conversion of marine carbohydrates mainly refers to the application of algae polysaccharides and chitosan from algae and crustaceans.Seaweed polysaccharide is the main product of seaweed industry,the annual output is about 35000 tons,accounting for 60% of the world total output,food grade and medicine grade seaweed polysaccharide refined processing products only account for 22.8% of the total output,and about 80% in foreign countries.There is about 1 billion tons of chitosan produced by marine organisms each year,and only the shell waste of aquatic products can produce about 4000 tons of chitosan.The production of chitosan in China is about 5000 tons,which is mainly used for export,but the proportion of commercial application is not large.In view of the present situation of marine carbohydrate biomass industry in China and the key technical bottlenecks in the industrial transformation and upgrading,due to the requirements of environmental friendliness and deep processing of marine carbohydrate raw materials,in recent years,We have carried out the basic and applied research on high value conversion from specific marine polysaccharide tool enzymes,chitosan molecular derivatives and functional seaweed dietary fiber conversion.It provides a reference for improving the comprehensive utilization level of marine carbohydrate resources in China.Compared with terrestrial plant carbohydrates,the molecular structure of marine carbohydrates has its specificity.In addition to its direct application,it has been modified by moderate degradation,coordination complex ions,grafting of related molecules,and so on.It can also make marine carbohydrate conversion products show many special functions and have unparalleled competitive advantage in the market.We have made important breakthroughs in the breeding of alginate lyase producing strains from marine sources and in the directed evolution of bacteria species.We have selected out many strains with high activity and stable enzymatic properties,and have studied their enzymatic properties to a certain extent.Using the strain and engineering,we can industrially produce high-purity oligosaccharides with specific activity.The resin with metal hydrolase activity was prepared by modifying chitosan as matrix.The resin has better hydrolysis effect on peptide bond and phosphate ester bond.According to the coordination chemical principle,the water-soluble chitosan oligosaccharide metal complexes can remove cadmium from scallop,on the third day,the removal of cadmium was up to 47%,and the contents of amino acids and other nutrients in scallop were almost unchanged.The adsorption experiments of arsenic in aqueous solution and kelp juice were carried out by chitosan arsenic or lead imprinted resin prepared by molecular imprinting technique.The removal rate of arsenic can reach more than 44%,and the contents of calcium,magnesium,iron and other elements do not decrease significantly,and the edible and biodegradable materials prepared with chitosan as the substrate can not only prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables,but also prolong the shelf life of fruits and vegetables.There is also the effect of reducing organophosphorus pesticide residues.The degradation rate of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues can reach more than 73% after 3 days of application of cucumbers.According to the structural characteristics of chitosan and seaweed polysaccharides,a multilayer functional edible packaging material is prepared.Commercial processing has been realized,and a set of algal dietary fiber including chemical extraction,modification and activation,and evaluation of function and activity has been established with seaweed polysaccharides as the object of study and application.更多还原