【作者】 刘雪萍； 彭华茂； 姬玲玲；

【Author】 Xueping Liu;Huamao Peng;Lingling Ji;Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University;

【机构】 北京师范大学发展心理研究院；

【摘要】 本研究采用多属性决策任务,运用过程追踪技术探讨决策任务自我相关性和认知负荷对老年人和年轻人决策过程的影响。本研究就两个问题进行探讨:第一,探讨老年人和年轻人在决策过程中的信息搜索特征和信息搜索策略是否会随着任务自我相关性不同而发生变化。第二,在此基础上探讨在有/无认知负荷条件下,任务自我相关性对老年人和年轻人信息搜索特征和信息搜索策略的影响是否不同。本研究采用2(年龄组:年轻人/老年人)×3(任务自我相关性:低相关/中等相关/高相关)×2(认知负荷:无认知负荷/有认知负荷)混合实验设计,年龄组、认知负荷为被试间变量,任务自我相关性为被试内变量。以信息搜索特征(决策总时间、搜索深度、搜索广度),信息搜索策略(补偿性策略vs.非补偿性策略)和主观决策质量(自信程度和后悔程度)为因变量。结果发现:(a)决策任务自我相关性越高,人们投入动机越强,且决策总时间越长、搜索深度越深、搜索广度越广。(b)老年人和年轻人的决策过程受到了认知负荷同等程度的影响;且与低相关和中等相关任务相比,认知负荷对高相关任务的信息搜索过程影响较大;(c)老年人比年轻人决策总时间更长、搜索深度更深、搜索广度更广,更倾向于采用补偿性策略进行信息搜索;(d)决策任务的信息搜索特征与信息搜索策略,都和主观决策质量无关;老年人主观决策质量普遍比年轻人高。由年龄引起的认知衰退对信息搜索特征有一定影响,但并不总是消极影响。在保证信息正确、可靠的前提下,可通过呈现与老年人相关的信息提高其知觉到的决策自我相关性,而促使他们积极查看、对比信息,以更好地进行决策,提高决策满意度。更多还原

【Abstract】 The present study used multi-attribute decision tasks and a process-tracing procedure to investigate the impact of self-relevance and cognitive load on older and younger adults’ decision-making process. Two issues were explored: first, whether older and younger adults’ information search characteristics and strategy use would be affected by self-relevance of decision task; second, whether the impact of self-relevance on older and younger adults’ search characteristics and strategy use would be varied by with or without a cognitive load on participants. The present study adopted a 2(age: young, old) × 3(self-relevance: low, medium, high) × 2(cognitive load: without cognitive load, with cognitive load) mixed design. Age and cognitive load were between-subjects variables, and self-relevance was the within-subjects variable. Dependent variables included objective information search characteristics(i.e. decision-making time, search depth, and search breadth), strategy use(i.e. compensatory strategy vs. noncompensatory strategy), and subjective decision-making evaluation(i.e. the degree of confidence and regrettable of decision-making). Results showed that(a) increasing self-relevance resulted in higher task engagement motivation, and participants spent more time to make decisions, search information deeper and wider;(b) older and younger adults were alike affected by cognitive load; compared with low and medium self-relevance decision tasks, cognitive load had a higher influence on information search of high self-relevance decision tasks;(c) compared with younger adults, older adults spent more time to make decisions, search information deeper and wider during decision making, and search information more relied on compensatory strategies;(d)subjective decision-making evaluation was not associated with search characteristics and strategy use, and older adults’ subjective decision-making evaluation were higher than those of younger adults. The age-related cognitive declines have some influences, but not always negative influences, on participants’ information search. On the basis of ensuring the correct and reliable of decision information, we can improve older adults’ perceived self-relevance to decisions by presenting information that related to their life, then increase their motivation to view and weigh the information, further they can make better decisions and have higher satisfactions of decision-making.更多还原