【作者】 韩丕国； 韩磊； 卞玉龙； 田雨； 徐敏霞； 高峰强；

【Author】 HAN Piguo;HAN Lei;BIAN Yulong;TIAN Yu;XU Minxia;GAO Fengqiang;School of psychology,Shandong Normal University;

【机构】 山东师范大学心理学院；

【摘要】 前瞻记忆指个体形成在未来进行某项活动的计划,并在恰当的情境或时间执行该目标活动的一种记忆。根据任务类型,前瞻记忆可以分为时间性前瞻记忆和事件性前瞻记忆。幼儿期是个体前瞻记忆出现和发展的关键时期,而"延时提取"在这一年龄阶段是一种重要的前瞻记忆提取方式。本研究采用Einstein和McDaniel提出的双任务研究范式对幼儿的前瞻记忆进行深入探讨。本研究包含三个实验。实验1主要采用2(前瞻记忆类型:时间性前瞻记忆任务和事件性前瞻记忆任务)×3(幼儿年级:小班、中班和大班)两因素被试间设计,探究了前瞻记忆提取方式对各年级幼儿前瞻记忆成绩的影响以及前瞻记忆提取方式与类型的交互作用对幼儿前瞻记忆成绩的影响。实验2和实验3在延时提取方式下均采用了2(前瞻记忆类型:时间性前瞻记忆任务和事件性前瞻记忆任务)×2(背景任务难度:简单、复杂)两因素被试间设计,分别探究了当个体完成背景任务的动机水平较低或较高时,背景任务难度对大班幼儿前瞻记忆成绩的影响。研究结果最终表明:(1)前瞻记忆提取方式与年级的主效应均显著,"延时提取"在幼儿期是一种普遍存在的提取方式,大班幼儿的前瞻记忆成绩显著高于中班和小班幼儿;(2)前瞻记忆类型与提取方式的交互作用显著,"延时提取"对个体时间性前瞻记忆成绩的影响更大;(3)当个体完成背景任务的动机水平较低时,背景任务难度对大班幼儿前瞻记忆成绩的影响不显著;(4)当个体完成背景任务的动机水平较高时,背景任务难度对大班幼儿前瞻记忆成绩的影响达到了显著水平,提高背景任务难度能显著降低个体在前瞻记忆任务中的表现。更多还原

【Abstract】 Prospective memory(PM) refers to the task of remembering to perform an intended action at some point in the future,and it can be divided into time-based prospective memory(tbPM) and event-based prospective memory(ebPM).Early childhood is the critical period for the development of their PM capability,and "delayed retrieval" is a common way of PM retrieval method in this period.In this study,we explored the prospective memory of preschool children using the dual-task paradigm which proposed by Einstein and McDaniel.The study included three experiments.In Experiment 1,we mainly investigated the impact of retrieval method on PM performance for children in different grades as well as the interaction between PM retrieval method and PM type with a 2(time-based prospective memory and event-based prospective memory) × 3(junior class children,middle class children and senior class children in kindergarten) two-factor between-subject design.In Experiment 2 and Experiment 3,we focused on the effects of the ongoing task difficulty on the senior class children’s PM performance under the lower and higher motivation in completing ongoing task respectively.Both of the two experiments were implemented under the condition of "delayed retrieval" and involved a 2(time-based prospective memory and event-based prospective memory) × 2(simple ongoing task and complex ongoing task)two-factor between-subject design.The findings of the present study ultimately showed that:(1) The retrieval method and the grade of children affected the PM performance significantly,children performed better under the condition of "delayed retrieval",and the PM performance of the senior class children in kindergarten was significantly better than that of the junior class and middle class children in kindergarten.(2) There was a significant interaction between PM type and retrieval method,The retrieval method had a greater effect on tbPM.(3) There was no significant effect of ongoing task difficulty on PM performance of the senior class children in kindergarten under the condition of a low motivation in completing the ongoing task.(4) However,when the motivation of completing the ongoing task was improved,the effect of ongoing task difficulty on PM performance reached a significant level.In conclusion,the "delayed retrieval" was an important PM retrieval method in the early childhood,and it is the interaction of the motivation level and ongoing task difficulty that affected the PM performance under the condition of "delayed retrieval".This result implied that the attentional resources allocation of PM is a process of "from top to bottom" and "from bottom to top",and the senior class children in kindergarten have already possessed the capability to allocation their attention resources actively,thus it is necessary to emphasis the training of attentional resource allocation strategy in the period of early childhood.更多还原