【作者】 卢素文； 达哇彭措；

【Author】 Lu Suwen;Dawa Phuntsok;Sichuan University Museum;Northwest University for Nationalities;

【机构】 四川大学博物馆； 西北民族大学；

【摘要】 近年来,西藏昌都和青海玉树陆续发现刻于吐蕃时期的大日如来与八大菩萨图像,在敦煌也发现有两例属于吐蕃时期的此类图像。本文通过对图像特征、图像配置的比较,并结合早期藏文文献进行研究,认为此类图像来源于卫藏,敦煌在吐蕃占领之前已有八大菩萨图像的流传,榆林25窟与大英博物馆藏Stein Painting 50ch.0074在图像配置方面受到藏东的影响,与当时的华严信仰相结合,产生了文殊与普贤分列两侧的图像配置,而藏东盛行以金剐手菩萨和观音菩萨做为主尊大日如来的二胁侍菩萨,同样在八大菩萨图像中也体现出该特点,将金刚手与观音分列于主尊两侧。敦煌藏经洞出有藏文经文《毗卢遮那佛及眷属赞》《佛世尊毗卢遮那及眷众赞》《佛八大菩萨愤怒护法赞》《殊胜八大菩萨曼荼罗经》,在《旁塘目录》和《丹噶目录》中也有相关经名的出现,对以上经文进行解读可以看出八大菩萨分别做为释迦牟尼佛和大日如来的眷属其文本在卫藏、藏东、敦煌皆有流传,而在图像方面现已发现的为大日如来与八大菩萨,因此八大菩萨相关的文本和图像流传并不同步。结合文献和图像中八大菩萨的名号顺序,发现图像和文本并非完全对应,图像的传播受到当地宗教信仰的影响更大。更多还原

【Abstract】 Recently,carved images of Vairocana with eight accompanying Bodhisattvas of the Tubo period were discovered in East Tibet,and two painted images of the same from the Tubo period were also found in Dunhuang.Here we conclude that these images were derived from U-Tsang mrough a comparison of the features and configuration of these images in combination with research into early Tibetan literature.The images of the eight Bodhisattvas had spread before the occupation of Dunhuang during the Tubo period.The image configuration of Cave 25 at Yulin and the Stein Painting 50 ch.0074 at the British Museum from East Tibet in combination with Avatarfisaka faith,created the image configurations on both sides of Manjusri and Samantabhadra.And it was a popular motif in East Tibet that,in accordance with the image allocation of the eight Bodhisattva-motif,Vajrapani and Avalokitesvara were the two Bodhisattvas aside the principal deity Vairocana.Many inscriptions from scripture are found in the caves of Dunhuang:Rnam par snang mdzad’khor dang bcas pa la bstod pa,Sangs rgyas bcom Idan ’das rnam par snang mdzad ’khor dang bcas pa la bstod pa’,Sangs rgyas bcom Idas ’das dang byang chub sems dpa’ brgyad dang khro bor bcas pa la bstod pa and the ’Phags pa dkyil ’khor brgyad pa zhes bya ba thegpa chen po’i mdo.The titles of these canonical texts appear in the Dkar chag ’phang thong ma and the Dkar chag lhan/ldan dkar ma.Through the interpretation of these inscriptions,we can conclude that the texts on the eight Bodhisattvas as the entourage of Vairocana or Sakyamuni,had spread in(U|¨)-Tsang,East Tibet and Dunhuang.However,the images of this configuration that were recently found demonstrate that the texts and the images of the eight Bodhisattvas did not occur at the same time.According to the names and order of the eight Bodhisattvas in the texts and images,the texts and images do not correspond exactly,and the spread of these images were affected by the local religious tradition.更多还原