【作者】 李莉莉； 高申春；

【Author】 Li Lili~(12) Gao Shenchun~1 (1 School of Philosophy and Society,Jilin University,Changchun,130012) (2 Department of Psychology,Xinjiang Normal University,Urumqi,830054)

【机构】 吉林大学哲学社会学院； 新疆师范大学心理学系；

【摘要】 人类进化发展史中出现自我意识的刹那,世界就分化出了主体与客体、认识与被认识、精神与物质两个维度。这种分化使得认识从一开始就确立了世界具有两个本源的假设,一个是认识的对象或客体,另一个是认识机能本身。二元论的世界观不仅是人类认识起源和发展的必然结果,也是人类精神需求的内在倾向。二元分化的思维方式和话语方式根深蒂固,规定了有史以来人类全部的哲学和思想范畴。从认识论意义上而言,人类想要摆脱这种二元分化的思维方式和话语方式是极其困难的,其必要性也值得商榷。二元论不能被否定,而只能被超越。二元论以"笛卡尔直觉"作为逻辑起点,将心与物、意识与身体、精神与物质对立起来,使其必然遭遇心身关系问题。实际上,心身关系不过是二元论在心身二元对立的前提下设立的一个伪命题。作为二元论的必然结果,唯物主义一元论将心归于身从而取消心的做法是一种极端的还原主义,其错误在于忽视了生命物质与非生命物质之间的差异,在对意识形成的进化史和个体发生史不甚明了的情况下,试图将其还原为某一时刻当下的生理学事件,这就必然会遭遇意向性问题、主观性问题。唯心主义则以认识论问题为核心,从思想着的心灵推演一切实存,将意识看成是一种具有"逻辑先在性"的绝对理念,一种纯粹的精神实在,其结果是终因无法构建意识与另一个如此显而易见的外部实在之间的联系而陷入迷茫。另一种对待意识的态度是更具启发意义的,这便是以具身现象学为代表的各种形式的心身同一论。在心、身、物的关系上,传统二元论将身物视为同一,而将其与心对立起来,确立了心物二元的世界图景。具身现象学则将心身视为同一,力求解释有机生命体是如何与环境相互作用的。通过考察"行为"的性质而揭示出的心身同一论,具身现象学不仅超越了二元论及其结果唯物主义和唯心主义一元论,而且代表了一种以有机生命为着眼点的意识研究的趋势。从二元论到具身概念的兴起,昭示了人们对意识范畴的认识是一条否定之否定的重构之路。更多还原

【Abstract】 When the appearance of self-consciousness happened in the history of human evolution the world polarized to two parts,i.e.,the subject and the object,cognize and be cognized,spirit and material.Such a polarization makes people believe that there are two elements construct the world which should be postulated the cognized object and cognitive function or our mental function.The dualistic Weltanschauung and its mode of thinking not only originated from the arising of humankind self-consciousness,but also derived from man’s pursuing for spiritual welfare.The dualistic thinking and expressing mode is ineradicable,it demarcated the whole philosophical and ideaistic category.Concerning of the epistemology,people can hardly get rid of the cord of dualism’s thinking and expressing mode and its necessity is really questionable.Consequently,the dualism should not be negative,but only be transcended.Dualism’s logical inference is based on the ’Descartes’ intuition’ and it regards consciousness or mind as some independent entity which is opposite to the substance,material or body.Such a conception would necessarily confront the dilemma of the problem of mind-body relation and fail to give a reasonable explanation.Actually,the mind-body relation is just a pseudo-proposition which inferred from the premise advanced by dualist that mind and body are opposite to each other.Hence dualism will eventually make consciousness either an independent entity,or being denied and disappear absolutely.The former conception is generally known as mentalism which deduced and defined all of existence from the thinking mind. The fate of mentalism is doomed to be lost in the spiritual world for its incapability of conceiving how the consciousness contacts with the outer objective world.The latter one is usually called materialism which takes consciousness as an objective business and reduced mind to a moment physiological matter.Materialist inevitably can not interpret the intentionality and subjectivity for its ignoring the evolutionary and ontogenetic history of consciousness.Another attitude to consciousness is more illuminating which called mind-body monism represented by the embodiment phenomenology.Concerning of the relationship among mind and body and substance,the conventional dualism regards body and substance as identical,they both opposite to the mind, thereby it is impossible to account for how the mind-body interact each other.The embodiment phenomenology regards mind and body as an identical thing that happened in the organic life,and intends to account for how the organism interacts with the environment.Through detecting the concept ’behavior’ embodiment phenomenology bring forward a new conception of consciousness and identify the mind-body an identical being.In this sense, embodiment phenomenology can be called some kind of mind-body monism.It is such mind-body monism not only transcend dualism and its necessary outcomes that be known as materialism and idealism,but also represent a trend of regarding consciousness as an organic function related to the organic life.From dualism to the rise of embodiment concept it was a reconstructed road that is composed of diverse elimination and resumption to consciousness.更多还原