【作者】 李金平； 王志石；

【Author】 Lei Kam peng Wang Zhishi The Faculty of Science and Technology, Macau University, Macao

【机构】 澳门大学科技学院；

【摘要】 城市,自从诞生以来就是人类活动的主要场所,它积聚一定地域范围内的物质、资金和技术等,从而逐步演变成为经济活动的中心,并得到了空前的繁荣和发展。只有城市走上可持续发展之路,才会有国家乃至全球的可持续发展。城市可持续发展是当今学术界的研究热点。城市可持续涉及城市生态、环境、经济、社会等诸方面。城市可持续发展研究方法主要有1)系统动力学方法;2)生物物理评估;3)价值化方法。本文探讨了城市生命支持系统的研究中,生物物理方法在城市可持续发展研究中的应用。属于生物物理范畴的生态足迹分析法,1996年由加拿大学者William和Wackernagel.提出,近年在许多国家可持续性的评估中得到广泛应用。所谓生态足迹,是支持一定地区的人口所需的相关生产性土地和水域的面积,以及同化这些人口所产生的废弃物所需要的土地之总和。不管这些土地在地球上的任何地方。2001年澳门的人均生态足迹为2.995 ha,而实际生态承载力为0.011 ha,人均生态赤字为2.984 ha,澳门生态足迹是其生态存载力的272倍。表明澳门对自然的影响远远超出了其自身生态承载能力的范围,反映了城市的寄生性和对周边自然生态系统的依赖性。从资源利用的角度来看,能源用地占整个足迹的54.9%,反映澳门能源消费处于较高的水平,导致澳门生态赤字较大。从澳门2001年生态足迹的计算过程来看,由于进出口贸易量大,因而进出口贸易对足迹的影响大,因此,可认为澳门的持续发展模式取决于对进口大量消费品的支付能力,处于一种弱可持续的状态。2001年澳门的人均生态足迹为2.995 ha,而实际生态承载力为0.011 ha,人均生态赤字为2.984 ha。同时由于环境污染的外部性,运用环境经济学的原理对澳门的垃圾、食水、噪声污染和空气污染的影子足迹的计算进行了尝试。更多还原

【Abstract】 The sustainable urban development research is a hot spot in science, economics, society etc. in recently years. There are three methods to used detect the sustainability of the city, they are: 1) biophysical approach in which physical flows of energy, material and information essential to the continuous restructuring and self- organization of ecosystems would be studied. The resources, e. g. , energy consumed and the wastes generated by population can be accounted, comparing the ecological demands to the supply of the bio- capacity; whether a region’s ecosystem can sustain the people can be adjusted, based on this approach, 2) environmental economic approach that applies economical principles to study environment problem, seeking the economical cause of the environmental problem, and finding optimal resolution. The society must depend on the resource and environment, and the natural resource and environment can be quantified with their market values. And 3) systemic dynamic approach which involves hundreds of sub -indices. The sub -indies can be divided to 4 groups, i. e. , economical, environmental, societal and policies indicators. These sub - indices can be given by weights and aggregation.In this paper the biophysical assessments has been discussed. The footprint methods, which developed by Mathis Wackernagal, had been experienced in many countries. Ecological footprint is a useful approach to indicate development sustainability of a city with the following advantages that it adopts a new concept to assess the material and energy consumption by mankind. Firstly, it compares the resource and energy consumption to the ecological capacity available in the country or region, which makes the analysis more easily and acceptable to the policy makers and the grassroots. Secondly, the calculation data upon which the ecological footprint is based is available at different spatial scales. In addition, more detail calculations do include trade within the ecological footprint. The measure is simple and it can inflect the ecosystem involvement more accurately.There are several limitations with the ecological footprint approach, which need further research. Firstly, sustainable development is a complex concept linked with society, economy, ecology and etc, but the ecological footprint is a static index, which cannot express the complexity of the sustainable development. Secondly, in many studies of sustainability the role of technological change was ignored, but it would be worth exploring. Third, ecological footprint does not consider freshwater and pollutions such as acid rain, noise, sewage, trash, etc. Wackernagel (1997) used ecological footprint framework to calculate the ecological footprint of 52 nations. In recently years, some scientists have researched the ecological footprint of different regions, and promoted many retrofit approaches.In our recent researches, the ecological footprint of Macao has been calculated to be 2. 995ha per capita, which is smaller than Hong Kong and bigger than China.更多还原