近代江苏省中学校长群体研究（1927-1937）

【作者】 李晶；

【导师】 任小燕；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 教育史， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 近代江苏优越的地理位置、开放的社会风气以及锐意进取的实验精神,使得江苏省中学在数量和质量都位居全国前列,这离不开每位中学校长的努力。本文选取了由江苏省教育厅领导的52所普通中学,以1927年至1937年十年间共历任的114位中学校长为研究对象,通过文献研究法、比较研究法、个案研究法分别从省立中学、私立中学、教会中学这三类校长的任职资格、群体构成和办学实践进行梳理与分析,全面展现这一群体的构成特征以及不同类型中学校长的办学实践。省立中学校长由江苏省教育厅进行聘任和管理,其任职资格有明确的中学章程规定,注重校长的学历背景和教育经历,对省立中学校长的学历背景进行实际考察发现,任职的校长基本切合了法定的选任标准,任职资格呈现出专业化的样态。接近一半的省立中学校长有国外留学经历,多为留美留日生,国内高校毕业的校长多就读于东南大学、北京大学、北京高等师范学校。从专业上来看,40%的省立中学校长具有教育学背景。因此在办学实践上,这一群体能够进行科学化的行政管理,实验性的课程教学,研究性的教师发展以及社会化的学生活动。江苏省私立中学校长由创办者聘请,或由创办者自任,往往聘请当地较有声望者居多。所以私立中学校长在籍贯构成上,大部分来自江苏本地的县区。从学术背景上看,国外留学经历的居少,毕业学校各不相同,所学专业没有明显的倾向性,所以办学主体呈现出多样化的特点,这就导致各个私立中学在培养目标上也各具特色,但最终指向为教育救国。私立中学的经费由中学校长或董事会进行筹集,主要通过收取学杂费,社会不同群体的捐款,以及政府的财政补助获得。由于私立中学经费自主,所以校长在教师管理和学生管理上享有较大的自主权,但过度的自主权可能会导致学校出现家族式办学的情况。在学生管理方面,江苏省私立中学通常采用严格的管理方式,来培养学生的良好习惯。教会中学校长的选择,多是由董事会挑选具有坚定基督教信仰,而且毕业于本校的优秀学生进行担任。此类群体多留学于美国大学,并且具有教育学背景。在此期间,教会中学校长的办学实践倾向于本土化,来适应社会之需求。在培养目标上,从培养基督教人才逐渐转变为培养各个学生成为健康、好学、有为之救国青年,契合了社会环境的需要。在课程教学上,教会中学更加注重实用性,能够直接为当地社区服务。从教师结构上来看,从之前的西籍教师为主转变为中籍教师为主。因为学校注重课程的实用性,故毕业学生在就业取向方面,也呈现出多样化的面貌。纵观江苏省中学校长群体的办学实践,在行政组织方面,省立中学校长领导的学校行政组织相对科学,实行专人专职。私立中学校长是由创办人自主创办,校长负责制和校董会制度并存,但实际上多数事务由校长负责。教会中学在这一时期实行校董会制度,不再是校长一人治校管理模式。在学校内部的教师选任方面,中学规程规定公私立中学教员,由校长开具履历,转呈省市教育行政机关核准。在政府的标准之下,省立中学校长倾向于延聘研究之教师,鼓励教师自行编写教材。私立中学校长有较大的自主权,所以在选任教师上,既会“不拘一格降人才”,也可能会出现“任人唯亲”的现象,这对校长本身的素质提出了很高的要求。教会中学由于西籍校长的离去,西籍教师也纷纷离职,所以中国籍校长这一时期聘请的多为中国籍教会大学毕业生前来任教。在学生活动方面,三类校长注重通过举办暑期学校、民众学校等方式,增加其与社会的联系,促进学生的社会化。更多还原

【Abstract】 The superior geographical location,open social atmosphere,and enterprising spirit of experimentation in modern Jiangsu have made the number and quality of middle schools in Jiangsu province rank among the top in the country.This is due to the efforts of every middle school principal.This paper selects 52 ordinary middle schools led by the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education,and analyzes the appointment qualifications,group composition,and educational practices of 114 middle school principals from 1927 to 1937.This is done through literature research,comparative research,and case study methods to comprehensively demonstrate the characteristics of this group and the educational practices of different types of middle school principals.The appointment and management of provincial middle school principals are carried out by the Jiangsu Provincial Department of Education.The appointment qualifications have clear provisions in the middle school regulations and attach more importance to the principal’s educational background and experience.An actual investigation of the academic backgrounds of provincial middle school principals shows that the appointed principals basically meet the statutory selection criteria.Nearly half of the principals have studied abroad,and most of them have studied in the United States or Japan.Those who graduated from domestic universities mostly studied at Southeast University,Peking University,or Beijing Normal University.In terms of majors,40%of provincial middle school principals have an educational background.Therefore,in educational practice,this group can carry out scientific administrative management,experimental curriculum teaching,research-oriented teacher development,and social student activities.The principals of Jiangsu private middle schools are hired by founders or themselves.They often hire those who have more prestige locally.Therefore,most of the private middle school principals come from counties and districts in Jiangsu.In terms of academic background,they have less experience studying abroad,and graduated from different schools without a clear bias towards certain majors.Therefore,the main body of education shows diverse characteristics,which leads to different private middle schools having their own characteristics in cultivating goals,but ultimately aiming to educate and save the country.The funds of private middle schools are raised by the principals or the board of directors,mainly through collecting miscellaneous fees,donations from different social groups,and government financial subsidies.As private middle schools have autonomy over their finances,the principals enjoy greater autonomy in teacher and student management.However,excessive autonomy may lead to a situation of familial management within the school.In terms of student management,Jiangsu private middle schools usually adopt strict management methods to cultivate good habits in students.The principals of Jiangsu church middle schools are mostly selected by the board of directors from outstanding students who have a firm Christian faith and graduated from the school.This group mostly studied at American universities and have an educational background.During this period,the educational practices of church middle school principals tended towards localization.In terms of cultivating goals,it gradually changed from cultivating Christian talents to cultivating healthy,diligent,and promising young people to save the country.In curriculum teaching,church middle schools pay more attention to practicality and can directly serve the local community.In terms of teacher structure,they shifted from mainly Western teachers to mainly Chinese teachers.The school’s emphasis on practical curricula led to diverse job orientations for graduates.Overall,Jiangsu middle school principals show diverse characteristics in appointment methods,appointment qualifications,group composition,and educational practices.However,whether it is provincial middle schools,private middle schools,or church middle schools,they uphold the concept of educating and saving the country and strive to cultivate outstanding young talents.At the same time,they have made breakthroughs in different fields and directions.For example,provincial middle schools in scientific management and experimental teaching,private middle schools in diversified education and social management,and church middle schools in localized education and practical teaching have all made contributions.Their efforts have provided a solid foundation for the development and progress of Jiangsu middle schools and have made important contributions to the development of China’s education industry.Throughout the practice of school principals in Jiangsu Province,in terms of administrative organization,the school administrative organization led by the principals of public schools is relatively scientific,and specialized personnel are assigned to specific roles.Private school principals are self-established by the founder,and both the principal responsibility system and the school board system coexist,but in reality,most affairs are handled by the principal.Catholic schools during this period implemented a school board system,no longer relying on the single principal management model.In terms of teacher selection within the school,the regulations stipulate that the resumes of teachers in public and private schools are issued by the principal,and then submitted to the provincial and municipal education administrative agencies for approval.Under the government’s standards,public school principals tend to hire research-oriented teachers and encourage teachers to write their own teaching materials.Private school principals have greater autonomy,so in selecting teachers,they may either"not stick to convention and recruit talented individuals"or may show favoritism,which places high demands on the principal’s own quality.Due to the departure of Western principals and teachers in Catholic schools,Chinese principals during this period mostly hired Chinese graduates of church universities as teachers.In terms of student activities,the three types of principals focused on increasing their connection with society and promoting student socialization through organizing summer schools,public schools,and other methods.更多还原