【作者】 李俊；

【导师】 张川；

【作者基本信息】 江苏大学 ， 农业工程， 2025， 硕士

【摘要】 温室作为一种半封闭系统,其内部微气候因子（温度、湿度、气流和CO₂浓度等）的分布受通风模式、太阳辐射、作物蒸腾及土壤蒸发等多因素影响,充分了解温室微气候因子的时空分布特征及影响因素,对温室环境的精确调控、高效节能以及提高作物品质和产量具有重要意义。本研究以Venlo型玻璃温室为研究对象,设置了四种不同通风模式:自然通风（RSV）,机械通风（MV,湿帘-风机系统通风）、联合屋顶通风口的机械通风（MRV）和联合循环风扇的机械通风（MCV）。基于分布式光纤测温技术（DTS）,观测了作物冠层内部及上方的温度时空变化,研究了作物冠层内部及上方的温度异质性规律,并基于实测数据和数学模型构建了包含作物蒸腾和土壤蒸发的三维全尺度瞬态CFD模型,系统研究了外部风况、防虫网、周围建筑环境对自然通风温室微环境的综合影响。通过对试验和仿真结果地分析,得到以下结论:（1）自然通风条件下,日间温度异质性明显高于夜间,温度偏差指数（TDI）范围分别为0～0.08和0～0.03。日间存在明显的垂直温度梯度,而夜间垂直温度梯度相反,靠近地面附近的温度反而更高,春夏季水平温差（1.43℃）明显高于秋冬季（0.6℃）。TDI峰值出现在正午,与太阳辐射强度高度相关（相关系数为0.87）,室外风速与TDI呈中度正相关（相关系数为0.51）,而室外风向对TDI影响不显著。（2）强制通风条件下,湿帘风机系统可快速降低室内平均温度(T_in)9℃,但TDI会增大66%,室内最大垂直温差达4.8℃,室内最大水平温差达6.3℃;结合顶部通风（MRV）时温度回升3～5℃,但TDI降低到0.076,表明室内温度均匀性改善;循环风机（MCV）对降温效果的影响有限,但可减少湿帘与风机间水平温差（从5.1℃降至2.8℃）。（3）防虫网显著影响温室内的微气候因子流场分布。风力驱动通风条件下,无防虫网比有防虫网情形使室内平均温度降低1.19℃;浮力驱动通风条件下,无防虫网使室内平均温度降低1.45℃。有防虫网条件下温室垂直方向的温度分层现象更为明显,平均垂直温差可达0.68℃（风力驱动）和1.04℃（浮力驱动）。防虫网对温室通风效率产生显著阻碍作用。移除防虫网后,通风率分别提升32.1%（风力驱动）和54.4%（浮力驱动）。在浮力驱动条件下,防虫网的阻碍作用更为明显,导致热量和水汽在温室内聚集,难以有效与外界交换。防虫网对温室内水汽分布有重要影响。风力驱动条件下,无防虫网使温室内平均水汽质量分数下降4.8%;浮力驱动条件下,无防虫网使温室内平均水汽质量分数下降25.2%。（4）不同微气候条件下作物蒸腾速率和灌溉需求存在不同。有防虫网条件下,风力驱动与浮力驱动情形的平均蒸腾速率差异为2.438 mmol/（m²·s）,浮力驱动比风力驱动条件下蒸腾速率降低18%。对于风力驱动情形,应及时灌溉以满足较高的蒸腾需求;对于浮力驱动情形,应适度减少灌溉量,避免湿度过高引发病虫害。（5）周围建筑物显著改变温室内的气流分布。无周围建筑物时,通风口垂直风向（如东风（E）、东北风（NE））的气流速度更大（侧窗附近风速>1 m/s）,通风效率更高;而有周围建筑物时,仅NE风向下的侧通风口风速超过1 m/s,其余风向下风速普遍低于0.4 m/s。通风率最大差异达71%（有建筑物且风向S（南风）与无建筑物且风向NE）。（6）风向和周围建筑物对室内微气候的耦合影响显著。无周围建筑物时,室内平均温度普遍较低,但垂直温差较大。有周围建筑物时,风向为S条件下室内温度最高（33.07℃）。周围建筑物与风向的耦合作用导致最大室内平均温差达1.98℃。有周围建筑物且风向为S时,水蒸气质量分数最高。无周围建筑物且风向为NE时,通风排湿效果最佳,湿度最低。无建筑物NE风下蒸腾速率最高为15.254 mmol/（m²·s）,而有建筑物E风下最低为12.513mmol/（m²·s）,风向和周围建筑物的耦合影响导致的最大差异为2.741 mmol/（m²·s）。更多还原

【Abstract】 As a semi-enclosed system,the spatial-temporal distribution of microclimate factors（temperature,humidity,airflow,and CO₂concentration）in greenhouses is influenced by multiple factors including ventilation modes,solar radiation,crop transpiration,and soil evaporation.Understanding these distribution characteristics and influencing factors is crucial for precise environmental control,energy efficiency,and improving crop quality and yield.This study investigated a Venlo-type glass greenhouse under four ventilation modes:natural ventilation（RSV）,mechanical ventilation（MV with wet pad-fan system）,mechanical ventilation combined with roof vents（MRV）,and mechanical ventilation with circulating fans（MCV）.Using distributed temperature sensing（DTS）technology,spatiotemporal temperature variations within and above the crop canopy were observed.A three-dimensional full-scale transient CFD model incorporating crop transpiration and soil evaporation was developed to systematically analyze the integrated effects of external wind conditions,insect nets,and surrounding buildings on the greenhouse microenvironment.Key findings include:（1）Under natural ventilation,daytime temperature heterogeneity（temperature deviation index,TDI:0～0.08）significantly exceeded nighttime values（TDI:0～0.03）.Distinct vertical temperature gradients occurred during daytime,with reversed patterns at night showing higher temperatures near the ground.Seasonal horizontal temperature differences were greater in spring/summer（1.43℃）than autumn/winter（0.6℃）.TDI peaks at noon showed strong correlation with solar radiation（r=0.87）,moderate correlation with wind speed（r=0.51）,and no significant correlation with wind direction.（2）Mechanical ventilation with wet pad-fan system rapidly reduced average indoor temperature(T_in)by 9℃ but increased TDI by 66%,creating maximum vertical（4.8℃）and horizontal（6.3℃）temperature differences.MRV configuration increased T_in by 3～5℃ but improved temperature uniformity（TDI=0.076）.MCV showed limited cooling capacity but reduced horizontal temperature gradient between wet pads and fans from 5.1℃ to 2.8℃.（3）Insect nets significantly altered microclimate distributions.Under wind-driven ventilation,net removal reduced mean indoor temperature by 1.19℃;under buoyancy-driven ventilation,reduction reached 1.45℃.Vertical stratification intensified with nets,showing average differences of 0.68℃（wind-driven）and 1.04℃（buoyancy-driven）.Net removal improved ventilation rates by32.1%（wind-driven）and 54.4%（buoyancy-driven）,with more pronounced heat/moisture accumulation under buoyancy-driven conditions.Water vapor content decreased by 4.8%（wind-driven）and 25.2%（buoyancy-driven）without nets.（4）Crop transpiration rates and irrigation requirements varied significantly across microclimate conditions.Transpiration difference between ventilation modes reached 2.438mmol/（m²·s）with nets,showing 18%reduction under buoyancy-driven conditions.Higher irrigation demand was observed for wind-driven scenarios,while buoyancy-driven conditions required reduced watering to prevent humidity-related diseases.（5）Surrounding buildings substantially modified airflow patterns.Unobstructed conditions produced higher air velocities（>1 m/s）at vertical wind directions（E,NE）,while building presence limited velocities to<0.4 m/s except NE direction.Maximum ventilation rate difference reached71%between obstructed（S wind）and unobstructed（NE wind）scenarios.（6）Coupling effects between wind direction and buildings significantly impacted microclimate.Unobstructed conditions maintained lower mean indoor temperature but larger vertical gradients.Maximum mean indoor temperature（33.07℃）occurred under S wind with buildings,creating 1.98℃ average temperature difference.Highest humidity occurred in obstructed S wind,while optimal dehumidification appeared in unobstructed NE wind.Maximum transpiration rate difference（2.741 mmol/（m²·s））occurred between unobstructed NE wind（15.254 mmol/（m²·s））and obstructed E wind（12.513 mmol/（m²·s））.更多还原