【作者】 黄婷；

【导师】 肖金京； 赵亚周；

【作者基本信息】 安徽农业大学 ， 农业硕士（专业学位）， 2025， 硕士

【摘要】 蜜蜂作为重要的授粉昆虫和资源昆虫,在农业生产和生态平衡中具有不可替代的作用。我国是世界养蜂大国,但养蜂模式以小农经济为主,蜂王质量参差不齐,近亲繁殖、品种退化等问题突出,制约了蜂产业的可持续发展。本研究依托北京市昌平区南口镇中国农科院蜜蜂良种良法标准化示范蜂场,以西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)为对象,围绕西方蜜蜂良种蜂王规模化培育与专业育王场周年管理策略展开系统研究。具体研究结果如下:(1)形成了规模化育王全流程操作规程。通过深度参与蜂场实践,系统梳理种蜂群优选、育王群组建、幼虫移植、交尾群组织及蜂王发育状态人工判别、抓捕发放等全流程操作,结合蜂场师傅经验与自身实践总结,形成了涵盖育王全周期关键环节的标准化操作流程。该技术在北京密云区与政府合作应用中,成功培育4000余只优质蜂王并由政府统一分发至蜂农。(2)分析了主要蜂种的性能特征及其应用价值。结合所培育蜂王在实际生产中的应用表现,系统评估不同蜂种的采集力、抗逆性、产蜜产浆能力等多项性能指标。结果显示:意大利蜂(Apis mellifera ligustica)采集力(2.87级)与产蜜能力(2.93级)突出,适合蜜源丰富地区;卡尼鄂拉蜂(Apis mellifera carnica)抗逆性显著(抗螨能力2.87级),适宜病虫害高发区域;杂交蜂种兼具双亲优势,卡意杂交蜂采集力(2.53级)与抗病能力(2.80级)协同提升;浙江浆蜂蜂王浆产量达2.93级,但需配套科学管理措施提升抗性。这些结果为蜂王的订单式生产提供了科学依据。(3)提出了专业育王场周年管理策略。系统研究总结蜜蜂专业育王场的周年饲养管理方法,提出春季复壮、夏季抗逆、秋季更新、冬季保育的阶段性技术策略。该策略在实际应用中表现出良好的可操作性,为专业育王场的规范化管理提供了实用技术参考,有效保障育王场稳定运营。(4)验证了蜂王规模化生产技术可行性。研究实现了在有限育王周期内的高效生产。通过将单式移虫法人工育王技术、蜂群性能评估和周年饲养管理方法有机整合,构建了完整的蜂王生产技术链条,为良种蜂王规模化生产提供了解决方案。本研究形成的成熟技术体系为将来专业育王场的复制建设和运营储备技术,对推动养蜂业标准化发展具有实践意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 Bees,as vital pollinators and resource insects,play an irreplaceable role in agricultural production and ecological balance.China is a major beekeeping country globally,but its beekeeping model is predominantly small-scale peasant economy,with prominent issues such as uneven queen bee quality,inbreeding,and breed degradation,which restrict the sustainable development of the beekeeping industry.This study was conducted at the Standardized Demonstration Apiary for High-Quality Bee Breeds and Practices of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences in Nankou Town,Changping District,Beijing,focusing on systematic research into large-scale cultivation of high-quality queen bees of the Apis mellifera and annual management strategies for professional queen-rearing apiaries.The specific research results are as follows:(1)Established a full-process operation protocol for large-scale queen rearing.Through in-depth participation in apiary practices,the study systematically sorted out the full-process operations including selection of breeder colonies,establishment of queen-rearing colonies,larval grafting,organization of mating colonies,artificial determination of queen developmental status,capture,and distribution.By integrating the experience of apiary masters with self-practice,a standardized operation process covering key links in the entire queen-rearing cycle was formed.This technology was applied in a government cooperation project in Miyun District,Beijing,successfully cultivating over 4,000 high-quality queen bees,which were uniformly distributed by the government to beekeepers.(2)Conducted the performance characteristics and application values of major bee breeds.Combining the application performance of the cultivated queen bees in actual production,multiple performance indicators of different bee breeds were systematically evaluated,including foraging ability,stress resistance,honey and royal jelly production capacity.The results showed that:Apis mellifera ligustica had outstanding foraging ability(2.87 score)and honey production capacity(2.93 score),suitable for areas with abundant nectar sources;Apis mellifera carnica had significant stress resistance(mite resistance 2.87 score),suitable for regions with high pest and disease incidence;hybrid breeds combined the advantages of both parents,with the Carniolan-Italian hybrid showing synergistic improvements in foraging ability(2.53score)and disease resistance(2.80 score);the Zhejiang royal jelly bee had a royal jelly production score of 2.93 but required supporting scientific management measures to enhance resistance.These results provide a scientific basis for the customized production of queen bees.(3)Formulated an annual management technical scheme for queen-rearing apiaries.Through systematic research and summary of the annual feeding and management methods for professional queen-rearing apiaries,a phased technical scheme of“spring rejuvenation,summer stress resistance,autumn renewal,and winter conservation”was proposed.This scheme has shown good operability in practical applications,providing practical technical references for the standardized management of professional queen-rearing apiaries and effectively ensuring the stable operation of apiaries.(4)Verified the technical feasibility of large-scale queen production.The study achieved efficient production within a limited queen-rearing cycle.By organically integrating the artificial queen-rearing technology of single grafting,colony performance evaluation,and annual feeding management methods,a complete technical chain for queen production was constructed,providing a solution for large-scale production of high-quality queen bees.The mature technical system formed in this study reserves technologies for the future replication,construction,and operation of professional queen-rearing apiaries,and has practical significance for promoting the standardization of the beekeeping industry.更多还原