夫妻一方侵权之债问题研究

【作者】 李哲；

【导师】 李迪昕；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳师范大学 ， 法律（非法学）， 2025， 硕士

【摘要】 夫妻一方侵权之债问题是民法中涉及婚姻家庭和侵权责任的重要议题。在现代社会,夫妻财产关系的复杂性不断增加,传统婚姻观念与经济社会发展产生冲突,特别是在夫妻单方对外侵权产生的债务性质的认定与清偿规则中,现行法律规则存在空白。《民法典》第1064条虽对夫妻意定之债有所规范,但未明确侵权之债性质的认定标准,导致司法实践中裁判标准不一,削弱司法公信力。本文基于对案例和理论的系统研究,提出完善夫妻共同债务法律体系的建议。第一部分进行案例引入和争议焦点归纳,总结司法实践中存在夫妻一方侵权之债认定结果类案异判、认定标准纷繁、法律依据不足的现象,以及夫妻债务清偿规则缺失之问题,得出本文争议焦点。第二部分论文对夫妻一方侵权之债的性质认定进行深入探讨。学界主要观点包括一元论、推定论和区分论。本文通过理论厘清、案例分析和比较法研究,详细探讨不同认定标准的适用性及局限性,强调需兼顾受害人权益和无辜配偶权益的利益导向,提出以“利益指向夫妻共同利益”为标准,兼顾侵权类型化认定的区分论认定方法。第三部分聚焦于夫妻一方侵权之债的清偿方式,通过分析现有学术观点,结合中国实际,对夫妻债务的清偿方式给出建议。作为夫妻一方债务的责任财产范围应为侵权方个人财产和夫妻共同财产中的个人部分,清偿顺序为侵权方个人财产优先。作为夫妻共同债务侵权之债应当以侵权人个人财产优先清偿,依利益指向的类型确定责任财产范围。另应允许夫妻内部追偿。本文立足司法实践中的夫妻一方侵权之债认定问题,整理归纳现有理论,参考比较法的经验,厘清夫妻一方侵权之债的认定标准和清偿规则体系,促进民法典侵权责任编与婚姻家庭编有效衔接,完善夫妻共同债务法律体系。更多还原

【Abstract】 The issue of tortious liability incurred by one spouse constitutes a critical topic in civil law,intersecting matrimonial property relations and tort liability.In modern society,the complexity of marital property relationships continues to grow,while traditional marital concepts increasingly conflict with socioeconomic development.This tension is particularly evident in the determination of liability nature and allocation rules for debts arising from tortious acts committed by one spouse,where current legal frameworks exhibit significant gaps.Although Article 1064 of China’s Civil Code regulates consensual marital debts,it fails to establish clear criteria for characterizing tortious liabilities,resulting in inconsistent judicial rulings and undermining legal credibility.Through systematic case studies and theoretical analysis,this paper proposes recommendations for improving the legal system governing marital joint liabilities.Part Ⅰ introduces representative cases and summarizes key contentious issues,revealing judicial inconsistencies in characterizing tortious debts,divergent standards for liability determination,insufficient legal foundations,and deficiencies in debt allocation mechanisms.These observations frame the core research questions addressed in this study.Part Ⅱ elves into the theoretical characterization of tortious liabilities incurred by one spouse.Scholarly perspectives predominantly include monism,presumption theory,and differentiation theory.By clarifying theoretical ambiguities,analyzing cases,and conducting comparative legal studies,this paper evaluates the applicability and limitations of existing standards.Emphasizing a balanced protection of victims’rights and innocent spouses’interests,it proposes a differentiated approach centered on the criterion of“benefits directed toward the common interests of the marital union,”complemented by typological classifications of tortious acts.Part Ⅲ focuses on the allocation mechanisms for tortious debts incurred by one spouse.By analyzing existing academic perspectives and integrating China’s practical context,this section proposes recommendations for marital debt repayment.For debts classified as individual liabilities of one spouse,the scope of liable assets should encompass the tortfeasor’s personal property and their share within marital joint property,with repayment prioritized from the tortfeasor’s personal assets.For tortious debts recognized as marital joint liabilities,repayment should first utilize the tortfeasor’s personal property,while the scope of liable assets is determined by the type of benefits directed toward marital common interests.Additionally,an internal right of recourse between spouses should be established to address inequitable allocations.By addressing judicial challenges in characterizing tortious liabilities incurred by one spouse,consolidating theoretical frameworks,and drawing on comparative legal insights,this study clarifies criteria for liability determination and allocation rules.It aims to enhance the coherence between the Tort Liability and Matrimonial Property sections of the Civil Code and advance the legal system governing marital joint liabilities.更多还原