【作者】 王跃；

【导师】 王岩； 胡晓娜；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 环境工程（专业学位）， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 随着全球畜禽养殖业的快速发展,大量畜禽粪便的合理处理与利用已成为一个亟待解决的问题。好氧堆肥是畜禽粪便资源化利用的主要方式之一,但是大量的氨挥发不仅会降低有机肥的肥效而且会造成空气污染等环境问题。因此,本研究开展了以鸡粪为原料的好氧堆肥试验,通过测定堆肥过程中温度、pH、氨挥发、铵态氮、硝态氮和总氮等理化指标变化和不同阶段细菌群落的变化,探究了在低碳氮比条件下堆肥过程中不同添加剂(包括沸石、生物炭、乙酸)和不同添加方式对氮素转化和细菌群落动态的影响,以期通过对比找出一种高效和低廉的方法,为减少畜禽粪便堆肥的氨挥发和提高堆肥质量提供参考。主要研究结论如下:(1)鸡粪的碳氮比较低,堆肥前后总氮损失为61.02%。氨挥发损失占总氮损失的32.98%,是氮素损失的主要途径之一。(2)添加沸石能够减少氨挥发和氮素损失。与无添加的对照相比,添加沸石减少了 13.01%～31.34%的累积氨挥发量并降低了 8.96%～28.36%的总氮损失。添加沸石能够提高堆体中细菌群落丰富度和多样性,富集更多与氮素转化相关的功能细菌,降低具有反硝化功能的细菌丰度。保氮效果随沸石添加量的增加而提高,本研究中10%沸石添加量减少氨挥发和保留氮素效果较佳。(3)分批次添加方式比一次性添加更有利于促进氮素转化和减少氮素损失。分批次添加沸石比一次性添加的累积氨挥发量减少11.52%,总氮损失减少4.92%。分批次添加生物炭比一次性添加的累积氨挥发量减少2.56%,总氮损失减少2.73%。分批次添加沸石和生物炭均比一次性添加更有利于提高细菌群落的丰富度和多样性,促进具有硝化功能和固氮功能细菌的富集。(4)添加乙酸均能够减少氨挥发和氮素损失。与无添加的对照相比,通过分批次方式添加1mol/L和2mol/L的乙酸处理分别使累积氨挥发量降低了 5.62%和7.40%并使总氮损失降低了 13.55%和7.74%。添加乙酸富集了更多的具有硝化功能或固氮功能的菌属,且添加1 mol/L乙酸能够进一步提升富集效果,促进氮素转化过程和减少氮素损失。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the rapid development of the global livestock and poultry breeding industry,the rational treatment and utilization of a large amount of livestock and poultry manure has become an imperative issue.Aerobic composting is a primary approach for resource utilization of livestock and poultry manure.However,significant ammonia volatilization not only reduces the fertilizer efficacy of organic fertilizer but also give rise to environmental problems such as air pollution.Therefore,this study carried out aerobic composting experiments with chicken manure as the raw material.By measuring the changes of physical and chemical parameters including temperature,pH,ammonia volatilization,ammonium nitrogen,nitrate nitrogen and total nitrogen during the composting process as well as the changes of bacterial communities at different stages,this study investigated the effects of different additives(e.g.zeolite,biochar,acetic acid)and addition methods on nitrogen transformation and bacterial community dynamics during composting under low carbon-nitrogen ratios.An effective and costefficient approach was selected through the comparison of different treatments to provide a reference for reducing ammonia volatilization in livestock and poultry manure composting and improving compost quality.The main conclusions are as follows:(1)The carbon-nitrogen ratio of chicken manure was low,resulting in a total nitrogen loss of 61.02%after composting.Ammonia volatilization contributed to 32.98%of the total nitrogen loss,making it a primary pathway for the nitrogen loss.(2)Adding zeolite reduced ammonia volatilization and nitrogen loss.Compared with the control group without zeolite,the addition of zeolite resulted in a reduction in cumulative ammonia volatilization by 13.01%～31.34%and nitrogen loss by 8.96%～28.36%.The addition of zeolite increased the richness and diversity of bacterial communities in compost piles,enriched more diverse functional bacteria associated with nitrogen transformation,and reduced the abundance of bacteria related to denitrification.The effect of nitrogen conservation increased with the increase of zeolite addition.In this study,the addition of 10%zeolite showed superior effects on reducing ammonia volatilization and retaining nitrogen.(3)Batch additions were more conducive to promoting nitrogen transformation and reducing nitrogen loss than one-time additions.The batch addition of zeolite reduced the cumulative ammonia volatilization by 11.52%and the total nitrogen loss by 4.92%compared to a one-time addition.The bactch addition of biochar resulted a reduction of 2.56%in cumulative ammonia volatilization and 2.73%in total nitrogen compared to a one-time addition.The batch additions of zeolite and biochar were more conducive to improving the richness and diversity of bacterial communities and promoting the enrichment of nitrifying and nitrogen-fixing bacteria than one-time addition.(4)The addition of acetic acid reduced ammonia volatilization and nitrogen loss.Compared with the control group,adding 1mol/L and 2mol/L acetic acid in batch mode decreased the cumulative ammonia volatilization by 5.62%and 7.40%,respectively,and reduced the nitrogen loss by 13.55%and 7.74%,respectively.The addition of acetic acid enriched more genera with nitrification or nitrogen fixation functions,but the addition of 1 mol/L acetic acid had a better enrichment effect,which could effectively promote nitrogen transformation and reduce nitrogen loss.更多还原