【作者】 张玲；

【导师】 乔松林；

【作者基本信息】 山西大学 ， 中国史， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 汉代是中国古代商品经济发展的第一个高峰时期,这一时期商业的发展经历了曲折的演变。在传统社会中,“重农抑商”一直是统治阶级所奉行的经济准则,而汉代的贵族、官僚却不顾政府禁令和舆论压力,经营商业,谋求私利,这是汉代商品经济发展中出现的一个值得重视的现象。本文以权贵经商为中心,探讨两汉时期贵族、官僚的具体商业活动,深入了解贵族、官僚经商的背景、原因与影响,感受两汉不同的政治社会面貌。汉代贵族、官僚进行商业活动的前提涉及当时政治经济文化等多方面。首先,贵族、官僚的商业活动贯穿在两汉政府的“抑商”政策中。西汉前期,从汉高祖的“贱商令”到文景时期的“惠商”政策,政府对商业的限制逐渐放宽,贵族、官僚趁机涉足商业活动。汉武帝时将工商业收归国有,同时有部分商人因“吏道多贾人”步入仕途,逐渐官僚化;在高压政策下,此时贵族、官僚的商业活动进展缓慢。直至西汉中后期,抑商政策变得宽松,盐铁官营等逐渐取消,贵族、官僚经商人数逐渐增多,涉及领域逐渐扩大,到东汉末,贵族、官僚商业活动发展到高峰。其经营的商业从盐铁酒等大宗行业到日常衣食住行用品,种类多种多样,范围也不断扩大。尤其至东汉后期,“与民争利”现象更是普遍。汉代商业政策的变化对贵族、官僚的商业活动有着重大影响,同时权贵阶层也利用自己的特权积极改造各种经济政策,尤其是“盐铁官营”之后,他们与商人联合,促进商业活动的发展。在社会意识方面,统治者利用儒家“重义轻利”观念,企图打压经商逐利之风,维护社会等级秩序,但贵族、官僚却利用“重义轻利”观念改变原本的商业政策,引起整个社会义利观念的变化。贵族、官僚日渐增长的贪欲和汉代俸禄制度的缺陷也是导致其经营商业活动的原因之一。汉代贵族、官僚所经营的商业活动,涉及方方面面。大到土地的买卖、经营借贷,小到日常用品,最典型的代表就是东汉时期田庄经济的发展,从中可以窥见汉代贵族、官僚经商的具体内容。其经营商业活动的范围也不限于中原地区,边关塞外均有其贸易的痕迹。汉代贵族、官僚所经营的商业活动,有着身为权贵阶层的鲜明特点,这是一般商人所没有的优势。这种权贵经商现象给社会方方面面都带来了影响。汉代政治社会由于贵族、官僚的大肆经商,出现了政治腐败、边关秩序混乱等不良后果。在经济方面,贵族、官僚“与民争利”既不利于商品经济的发展,又掠夺了农业所需的土地和人口,亦阻碍了农业的发展。同时,在思想文化上也掀起了奢靡浪费之风,不利于整个社会的进步发展。总之,权力是贵族、官僚经商的最大特点和优势,他们凭借特权涉足商业,体现了权力对于经济的干预,这种干预对汉代社会秩序、经济发展以及思想文化都产生了深远影响,这也是汉代政治制度与社会经济发展相碰撞的必然结果,值得我们深入理解。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Han Dynasty was the peak period of the development of commodity economy in ancient China,and the development of commerce also experienced tortuous evolution.In the traditional society,"emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce" has always been the economic criterion pursued by the ruling class,while the nobles and bureaucrats in the Han Dynasty managed commerce and sought private interests regardless of the government ban and the pressure of public opinion,which is a phenomenon worthy of attention in the development of commodity economy in the Han Dynasty.Focusing on the business of dignitaries,this paper discusses the specific business activities of nobles and bureaucrats in the Han Dynasty,deeply understands the background,causes and influence of nobles and bureaucrats doing business,and feels the different political and social features of the Han Dynasty.The premise of commercial activities of nobles and bureaucrats in the Han Dynasty involved many aspects such as politics,economy and culture at that time.Firstly,the business activities of aristocrats and bureaucrats ran through the "business inhibition" policy of the government of the Han Dynasty.In the early Western Han Dynasty,from the "cheap business order" of the emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty to the "preferential business" policy in the Wenjing period,the restrictions on commerce were gradually relaxed,and nobles and bureaucrats took the opportunity to get involved in commercial activities.During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty,industry and commerce were nationalized,but some businessmen still entered the official career and gradually became bureaucratic because of "many officials and noble people".Until the middle and late Western Han Dynasty,the policy of restraining business became loose,the official business of salt and iron was gradually abolished,the number of nobles and bureaucrats engaged in business gradually increased,and the fields involved gradually expanded.By the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty,the commercial activities of nobles and bureaucrats developed to a peak.The business scope of the company ranges from large-scale industries such as salt,iron and wine to daily necessities of clothing,food,housing and transportation.Especially in the late Eastern Han Dynasty,the phenomenon of "competing for profits with the people" was more common.The changes of commercial policies in the Han Dynasty had a significant impact on the commercial activities of nobles and bureaucrats.At the same time,the powerful class also used their own privileges to actively transform various economic policies,especially after the "salt and iron official camp",they united with businessmen to promote the development of commercial activities.In terms of social consciousness,the rulers used the Confucian concept of "valuing justice over interests" to try to suppress the trend of pursuing profits in business and maintain the social hierarchical order,but the aristocrats and bureaucrats used the concept of "valuing justice over interests" to change the original commercial policy and cause the concept of Justice and interests in the whole society to change.The increasing greed of nobles and bureaucrats and the salary system in the Han Dynasty were also one of the reasons for their business activities.The commercial activities involved by nobles and bureaucrats in the Han Dynasty involved all aspects.The most typical representative is the development of grange economy in the Eastern Han Dynasty,from land sales,business lending to daily necessities,from which we can see the specific contents of the management of nobles and bureaucrats in the Han Dynasty.The scope of its business activities is not limited to the Central Plains,and there are traces of its trade outside the border and the Great Wall.From these points of view,the commercial activities operated by nobles and bureaucrats in the Han Dynasty have the distinctive characteristics of being a powerful class.This phenomenon of dignitaries doing business has had an impact on all aspects of society.In the political society of the Han Dynasty,due to the wanton business of aristocrats and bureaucrats,there were adverse consequences such as political corruption and destruction of border order.In terms of economy,nobility and bureaucrats "competing for profits with the people" are not conducive to the development of commodity economy,but also plunder the land and population needed by agriculture,and hinder the development of agriculture.At the same time,extravagance and waste have also set off in ideology and culture,which is not conducive to the progress and development of the whole society.In short,privilege is the biggest feature of aristocratic and bureaucratic business.Their involvement in business by virtue of privilege reflects the intervention of power in the economy,and this intervention had a far-reaching impact on the social order,economic development and ideology and culture of the Han Dynasty.This is the inevitable result of the collision between the bureaucratic system and social and economic development of the Han Dynasty,which is worthy of our in-depth understanding.更多还原