遗嘱居住权研究

【作者】 王鑫；

【导师】 杨彬；

【作者基本信息】 沈阳师范大学 ， 民商法学， 2025， 硕士

【摘要】 《民法典》的出台开启了用益权制度新篇章,使当代物权框架中用益权配置模式更为清晰。居住权制度通过合同和遗嘱两种并列模式,为多元化居住利益保障奠定规范基础,并在司法实践中形成从居住利益变为居住权利再到权利实现的保护路径,充分彰显确权保障与权益维护的双重制度功能。尽管如此,《民法典》中关于居住权的具体规定仅涵盖六条,许多关键规则尚未明确,特别是关于通过遗嘱方式设立居住权的规定存在不少模糊之处,这需要进一步的法律完善。为更好地理解和应用这些规定,应先明确遗嘱居住权的法律性质,进而明晰其构成的必要条件,并确定相关法律的具体适用。遗嘱居住权与合同居住权的差异使遗嘱居住权不可完全参照合同居住权规则。遗嘱居住权的设立形式不应限于书面遗嘱,录音录像遗嘱和口头遗嘱亦可以用于设立居住权。因《民法典》未明确遗嘱居住权的生效模式,根据遗嘱“继承”的特点,遗嘱居住权可以参照适用《民法典》第230条规定,自遗嘱继承开始时生效,同时类推适用“买卖不破租赁”规则。从方便司法实践角度出发,可对遗嘱居住权进行登记,主要登记义务由遗产管理人承担,协助登记义务由继承人承担,并引入预告登记制度,保障遗嘱居住权人权益。遗嘱居住权与所有权的冲突主要体现在权利行使过程中。所有权的绝对权性质使得遗嘱居住权的存在并不能限制继承人对房屋行使处分权能,但继承人负有及时通知遗嘱居住权人的义务。虽然现行立法未赋予遗嘱居住权人优先购买权,但遗嘱人可通过意思自治赋予此项特殊权利。当标的物发生物权变动时,遗嘱居住权具有物上追及效力,可对抗后续取得所有权的买受人。在抵押权实现的情境中,遗嘱居住权与抵押权有可能出现权利冲突,主要分为继承人设立的抵押权与遗嘱居住权的冲突及遗嘱人设立的抵押权与居住权的冲突。其解决应考虑时间顺序。同时,若在后的遗嘱居住权已对抵押权造成实质影响,可启动遗嘱居住权的涤除程序。更多还原

【Abstract】 The promulgation of the Civil Code has opened a new chapter in the system of usufructuary rights,making the allocation mode of usufructuary rights in the contemporary property rights framework clearer.In the field of the right to housing system,through the parallel models of contract and will,a standardized foundation is laid for the diversified protection mechanism of residential interests,and a protection path is formed in judicial practice from residential interests to residential rights and then to the realization of rights,fully demonstrating the dual institutional functions of property rights protection and rights protection.However,the specific provisions on the right of residence in the Civil Code only cover six articles,and many key rules are not yet clear,especially the provisions on establishing the right of residence through will,which have many ambiguities and require further legal improvement.To better understand and apply these regulations,it is necessary to first clarify the legal nature of the testamentary right of residence,clarify its necessary conditions,and determine the specific application of relevant laws.The difference between testamentary and contractual residency rights makes it impossible to fully refer to the rules of contractual residency rights for testamentary residency rights.The form of establishing the right of residence in a will should not be limited to a written will.Audio and video wills,as well as oral wills,can also be used to establish the right of residence.As the Civil Code does not specify the effective mode of testamentary residence rights,according to the characteristics of testamentary"inheritance",testamentary residence rights can be referred to and applied according to Article 230 of the Civil Code,which takes effect from the beginning of testamentary inheritance,and similarly applies the"sale does not break the lease"rule.From the perspective of facilitating judicial practice,the right to reside in a will can be registered,and the main registration obligation is borne by the estate administrator,while the obligation to assist in registration is borne by the heir.Additionally,a system of advance notice registration can be introduced to protect the rights and interests of the testamentary right holder.The conflict between testamentary residency and ownership is mainly reflected in the process of exercising rights.The absolute nature of ownership means that the existence of testamentary residency rights does not limit the inheritor’s ability to dispose of the property,but the inheritor has an obligation to promptly notify the testamentary residency rights holder.Although current legislation does not grant priority purchase rights to testamentary residents,testators can grant this special right through autonomy of will.When there is a change in property rights of the subject matter,the testamentary right of residence has retroactive effect and can be used against the buyer who subsequently acquires ownership.In the scenario of realizing mortgage rights,there may be conflicts of rights between testamentary residence rights and mortgage rights,mainly divided into conflicts between heirs and testamentary residence rights,and conflicts between the mortgage rights and residence rights established by the testator.The solution should consider the chronological order.At the same time,if the subsequent testamentary right of residence has had a substantial impact on the mortgage right,the process of revoking the testamentary right of residence can be initiated.更多还原