【作者】 李威；

【导师】 吴存祥； 陈庆山；

【作者基本信息】 东北农业大学 ， 农业硕士（专业学位）， 2025， 硕士

【摘要】 东北地区大豆种植面积占我国大豆总面积的60%以上,不断优化该地区大豆生产模式对于提高我国大豆总产,保障食用大豆安全供给具有重要意义。本试验基于使用耐草甘膦转基因大豆品种,设置了免耕轮作秸秆还田（NTRS）、隔年深松轮作秸秆还田（STRS）、垄作轮作秸秆还田（DTRS）、旋耕轮作秸秆不还田（RTR）和旋耕连作秸秆不还田（RTC）五个处理,探究不同生产模式对耐草甘膦转基因大豆产量、农艺性状（底荚高度、单株荚数、单株粒数和百粒重）、光合特性（叶面积指数、SPAD值、净光合速率和干物质积累）、出苗率、出苗速度和土壤理化特性（温度、含水量、紧实度、容重及三相、团聚体、全氮含量、有效磷含量和有机碳含量）的影响以及不同生产模式下杂草防控情况和经济效益分析。研究旨在为生物技术品种轻简化栽培技术集成应用提供理论依据,具体研究结果如下:（1）生产模式的改变显著影响着土壤理化特性。相较于其他处理,DTRS处理提高了大豆整个生育期的土壤温度,而NTRS处理对大豆播种至出苗的土温有明显提升;同时,NTRS处理对大豆开花期和结荚期的土壤含水量显著增加,保墒效果明显;NTRS处理提高了土壤耕层的紧实度、容重以及固相占比,减缓了底土的压实程度,而DTRS处理显著降低了20～40cm土层的土壤紧实度,且极大降低了0～30 cm土层的土壤容重;NTRS处理有利于改善耕层结构和土壤地力的提升,显著提高了耕层大团粒占比、土壤全氮含量和土壤有机碳含量,而DTRS处理则有助于土壤下层有机碳、全氮和有效磷的积累。（2）不同的生产模式显著影响着大豆种子的出苗率和萌发速度。NTRS处理极大提高了大豆出苗率和出苗速度,相较于STRS、DTRS、RTR和RTC四个处理,出苗率分别提高了3.63%、2.72%、4.66%和4.14%;相较于其他处理,NTRS处理可提前1天出苗,且在播种后的第16天,NTRS处理率先达到了最大出苗数量,有利于促进大豆苗齐、苗全和苗壮;DTRS处理在播种后第13天的出苗速度有明显提高,而RTC处理出苗速度相对缓慢。（3）不同生产模式对大豆光合特性存在显著影响。NTRS处理显著提高了R1、R3和R5期的叶面积指数,于R5期相较于其他四个处理,有效提高了3.77%～35.35%;NTRS处理在大豆R1期和R3期的叶绿素含量和净光合速率得到显著提高,与RTC处理相较,叶绿素含量和净光合速率于R3期分别提高了6.12%和10.58%;于R5期,DTRS处理的干物质积累量增加明显,而NTRS处理显著提高了大豆其余各个生育时期的干物重。（4）在不同生产模式下,大豆的产量及农艺性状呈现出显著差异。与其他四个处理相比,NTRS处理在提升大豆单株荚数和单株粒数方面效果极为突出,进而使得大豆产量显著增加,达到3603.2 kg hm^-2,有效提升5.12%～9.22%;与RTR和RTC两个处理相比,NTRS、STRS和DTRS三个处理显著降低了大豆底荚高度;在百粒重上各处理差异不明显。（5）生产模式显著影响着杂草发生程度、发生时间和杂草多样性。NTRS处理显著提高了苗期和收获期的杂草多样性和丰富度,降低了杂草优势度,显著减少了大豆苗期的杂草数量,降低了大豆收获期的杂草干物重,且苗期杂草发生时间集中在大豆的V2～V3期,结合草甘膦除草剂的喷施,除草效果好,便于一次性完成田间除草。（6）不同的生产模式所产生的经济效益差异显著。NTRS处理的经济效益显著提高,相较于STRS、DTRS、RTR和RTC四个处理,每公顷利润分别增加了2435.2元、2761.0元、3532.9元和4146.9元;NTRS处理免去了整地环节,便于田间管理,减少了大量农机具的投入成本和人工成本,相较于STRS、DTRS、RTR和RTC四个处理,NTRS处理人工投入分别减少了376.5元、124.9元、586.5元和586.5元;NTRS处理提高了大豆产量,增加了总收入,相较于其他处理,实现经济效益最大化。综上,转基因大豆品种结合免耕平作栽培技术显著提高了大豆的光合特性,改善了土壤的耕层结构,杂草易防控,减少投入成本,提高大豆产量,可以达到大豆轻简化生产的目的,这种轻简化生产模式是实现东北地区大豆种植节本增效的重要途径之一。更多还原

【Abstract】 The soybean planting area in the Northeast region accounts for more than 60%of the total soybean planting area in China.Continuously optimizing the soybean production mode in this region is of great significance for increasing China’s total soybean production and ensuring the safe supply of edible soybeans.Based on the use of glyphosate-tolerant genetically modified soybean varieties,this experiment set up five treatments:no-tillage rotation with straw returning to the field(NTRS),subsoiling every other year rotation with straw returning to the field(STRS),ridge tillage rotation with straw returning to the field(DTRS),rotary tillage rotation without straw returning to the field(RTR),and rotary tillage continuous cropping without straw returning to the field(RTC).The experiment explored the effects of different production modes on the yield of glyphosate-tolerant genetically modified soybeans,agronomic traits(bottom pod height,number of pods per plant,number of grains per plant,and 100-seed weight),photosynthetic characteristics(leaf area index,SPAD value,net photosynthetic rate,and dry matter accumulation),emergence rate,emergence speed,and soil physical and chemical properties(temperature,water content,compactness,bulk density,three-phase composition,aggregates,total nitrogen content,available phosphorus content,and organic carbon content),as well as the weed control situation and economic benefit analysis under different production modes.The aim of this study is to provide a theoretical basis for the integrated application of simplified cultivation techniques for biotechnological varieties.The specific research results are as follows:(1)The change of production mode significantly affects the physical and chemical properties of the soil.Compared with other treatments,the DTRS treatment increased the soil temperature throughout the whole growth period of soybeans,while the NTRS treatment significantly increased the soil temperature from sowing to emergence.At the same time,the NTRS treatment significantly increased the soil water content during the flowering and pod-setting stages of soybeans,with an obvious effect of soil moisture conservation.The NTRS treatment increased the compactness,bulk density of the soil plough layer and the proportion of the solid phase,and alleviated the compaction degree of the subsoil.The DTRS treatment significantly reduced the soil compactness in the soil layer of 20-40 cm and greatly reduced the soil bulk density in the soil layer of 0-30 cm.The NTRS treatment is conducive to improving the plough layer structure and enhancing the soil fertility,and significantly increased the proportion of large aggregates in the plough layer,the total nitrogen content of the soil and the organic carbon content of the soil.The DTRS treatment,on the other hand,is helpful for the accumulation of organic carbon,total nitrogen and available phosphorus in the lower soil layer.(2)Different production modes significantly affect the emergence rate and germination speed of soybean seeds.The NTRS treatment greatly increased the emergence rate and emergence speed of soybeans.Compared with the four treatments of STRS,DTRS,RTR and RTC,the emergence rate increased by 3.63%,2.72%,4.66%and 4.14%respectively.Compared with other treatments,the NTRS treatment emerged 1 day earlier on average,and on the 16th day after sowing,the NTRS treatment reached the maximum number of emerged seedlings first,which is beneficial to promoting uniform,complete and strong soybean seedlings.The emergence speed of the DTRS treatment was significantly increased on the 13th day after sowing,while the emergence speed of the RTC treatment was relatively slow.(3)Different production modes have a significant impact on the photosynthetic characteristics of soybeans.The NTRS treatment significantly increased the leaf area index in the R1,R3 and R5stages.In the R5 stage,compared with the other four treatments,it effectively increased by 3.77%to 35.35%.The chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate of soybeans in the R1 and R3 stages under the NTRS treatment were significantly increased.Compared with the RTC treatment,the chlorophyll content and net photosynthetic rate increased by 6.12%and 10.58%respectively in the R3 stage.In the R5 stage,the dry matter accumulation of the DTRS treatment increased significantly,while the NTRS treatment significantly increased the dry matter weight in the other growth stages of soybeans.(4)Under different production modes,the yield and agronomic traits of soybeans showed significant differences.Compared with the other four treatments,the NTRS treatment was extremely outstanding in increasing the number of pods per plant and the number of grains per plant of soybeans,which in turn significantly increased the soybean yield,reaching 3603.2 kg hm-2,effectively increasing by 5.12%to 9.22%.Compared with the RTR and RTC treatments,the NTRS,STRS and DTRS treatments significantly reduced the bottom pod height of soybeans.There was no obvious difference in the 100-seed weight among the treatments.(5)The production mode significantly affects the degree,time of occurrence and diversity of weeds.The NTRS treatment significantly increased the diversity and richness of weeds in the seedling stage and the harvesting stage,reduced the dominance of weeds,significantly reduced the number of weeds in the seedling stage of soybeans,and reduced the dry matter weight of weeds in the harvesting stage of soybeans.The occurrence time of weeds in the seedling stage was concentrated in the V2-V3 stage of soybeans.Combined with the spraying of glyphosate herbicide,the weeding effect was good,and it was convenient to complete the field weeding at one time.(6)The economic benefits generated by different production modes are significantly different.The economic benefits of the NTRS treatment were significantly improved.Compared with the four treatments of STRS,DTRS,RTR and RTC,the profit per hectare increased by 2435.2 yuan,2761.0yuan,3532.9 yuan and 4146.9 yuan respectively.The NTRS treatment eliminated the land preparation link,which was convenient for field management,and reduced the input cost of a large number of agricultural machinery and tools and labor cost.Compared with the four treatments of STRS,DTRS,RTR and RTC,the labor input of the NTRS treatment was reduced by 376.5 yuan,124.9 yuan,586.5 yuan and 586.5 yuan respectively.The NTRS treatment increased the soybean yield and the total income,and maximized the economic benefits compared with other treatments.In conclusion,the genetically modified soybean variety combined with the no-tillage flat cultivation technology significantly improved the photosynthetic characteristics of soybeans,improved the plough layer structure of the soil,made weeds easy to control,reduced the input cost,and increased the soybean yield,which can achieve the goal of simplified soybean production.This simplified production mode is one of the important ways to achieve cost reduction and efficiency improvement in soybean planting in the Northeast region.更多还原