【作者】 张舒；

【导师】 季爱民；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 荐举是唐代选官的途径之一,与吏部铨选协同运作,共同为朝廷选贤任能。学界尽管已较多探讨荐举的制度内容及举主举荐权的演变等问题,但对受荐者的关注不足,制度的运作也有待进一步讨论。本文聚焦唐代荐举的运作问题,并从受荐者角度出发考察受荐的条件,以及荐举对受荐者的具体影响。荐举在唐代的沿用、发展受多重的背景因素影响。强调年资的铨选制,有时使贤才淹滞于守选年限的等待。盛唐形成的以荐贤为“至公之道”的社会风气,使士人将受荐做官视为合理行为。受荐者出仕以获取俸禄的现实需求和发挥才干的个人抱负,激励着他们积极寻求施展个人才能的机会。因此,荐举作为相对高效的任官途径,吸引着诸多士人。受荐需要一定的条件,士人主要须具备学识、吏能或是高尚的品德,在此基础上建立起与举荐者的联系,方可受荐。基于举荐人对受荐者的信任与了解建立的举荐联系,是知人察人、唯才是举的前提。举荐联系建立的方式多样,有时因个人才能显名而吸引举主,有时则需要依靠一定的人际关系而建立。唐代荐举制度的运作可以从常荐、冬荐及临时诏荐三个方面展开讨论。常荐的运作,需要由举主书写、上奏举荐的表、状。接着经吏部检勘考覆,核查举词是否与受荐人相符。合格后,受荐人需接受考核。唐前期,引见、召问至朝堂考察的情况较多。后期,由吏部铨曹考核。冬荐制大致与常荐类似,但在考核环节有明显不同。这体现在:参加冬荐的官员须到都堂考试,从理术、时务状、通理识及考第四个方面综合考察、定等,后根据等第授官,宰相的意见也影响举荐的结果。临时诏荐程序简单,多是皇帝口头或书面下诏求某才、某官后,自下而上推荐,受荐人需被召到朝堂问答,皇帝根据其表现决定是否录用。举荐授官完成后,朝廷监察受荐官员的任职表现,举主需承担连带责任。唐代荐举制度的影响范围广,受荐者既可是布衣,也可为官员,这是统治者广泛求贤的体现。受荐者可因举荐自布素而登美仕,也可受荐迁转至要津,荐举是受荐官员仕进的重要途径之一。更多还原

【Abstract】 Recommendation system is one of the ways to select officials in the Tang dynasty,with the civil election system together for the imperial court to select the virtuous and talented person.At present,most of the academic research focus on the content of the recommendation system,and the right of recommender and other issues,but the attention to the recommendee is insufficient,the operation of the system also needs to be discussed.This paper focuses on the operation of the recommendation system in the Tang Dynasty,and the conditions required for nomination and the specific impact of the recommendation system on the officials’ career development from the perspective of the recommendees.The background of recommendation in the Tang Dynasty was diversified: the civil election system emphasizing seniority sometimes kept the talented people waiting for years."recommending the talented to the public" formed in the Tang Dynasty and the active practice of the emperors to seek talents made the scholars regard being recommended as a reasonable behavior.The realistic demand to obtain salary and the personal ambition to utilize their talents motivated them to actively seek opportunities to display their talents.As a more efficient way to become officials,recommendation attracted many scholars.Being recommended required certain conditions.The scholars should have outstanding knowledge,administrative ability or noble morality.On this basis,they can be recommended by establishing a connection.The establishment of the link of recommendation was mostly based on the trust and understanding of the recommender to the recommendee,so that the recommender could and select person by the talent.There were many ways to establish the connection,recommender occasionally was attracted by the person’s famous reputation,sometimes recommendee needed to rely on certain interpersonal relationships.The operation of the recommendation system in the Tang Dynasty can be discussed from three aspects:the permanent recommendation,the winter recommendation and the temporary imperial recommendation.In the operation of permanent recommendation system,firstly,the recommender is required to write and submit the recommendation form.Then,the Ministry of Personnel would check whether the descriptions of character,behavior,and political performance in the recommendation form were consistent with the recommendee.After qualified,the recommendee was required to undergo an examination.In the early Tang Dynasty,the place of examination was usually the imperial court.In the later period,the Ministry of Personnel was responsible for all these matters.The operation of the winter recommendation system is generally similar to the permanent recommendation system,but it’s significantly different in the assessment.This is reflected in:all the officials who participated in the winter recommendation had to go to the royal court to be examined.The examination would examine the four aspects of Li Shu(理术),Shi wu Zhuang(时务状),Tong Li Shi(通理识)and Kao Di(考第),then a rank will be determined and the official will be promoted according to the rank.The opinion of the prime minister also could affect the result of the recommendation.Temporary imperial recommendation procedure is simple and less resttictive by comparison,usually the emperor would issue a verbal or written edict to request a certain talent or official,then officials recommended appropriate candidate from the bottom up.The recommendee would be summoned to the royal court for question and answer,and the emperor would directly decide whether to promote him or not according to his performance.After the process,the court would keep monitoring the performance of the recommendee,and the recommender would undertake joint and several responsibilities.In the Tang Dynasty,the recommendation system had a wide range of influence,the recommendees mainly included in-service officials,nominees and commoners,which reflected the emperors’ extensive seek for talents.The recommendees could become gentry scholars from commoners through recommendation,in this way they could also be promoted to key departments.Recommendation has become one of the most important ways for sponsored officials to advance in their careers.更多还原