【作者】 韩冰；

【导师】 吴真；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 环境与资源保护法学， 2024， 硕士

【副题名】以适用范围为视角

【摘要】 为应对日益凸显的环境问题,我国不断探索环境权益的保护和救济途径,建立了生态环境损害赔偿诉讼和环境民事公益诉讼两种诉讼制度模式。两种诉讼制度均在环境保护方面发挥了重要作用,同为我国环境保护法律体系的重要组成部分,为生态环境的保护和环境公益的维护提供了重要的支撑。虽然两种诉讼制度已经成为了当前环境司法保护领域的主要诉讼模式,然而由于生态环境损害补偿制度和生态环境损害赔偿诉讼属于新兴制度,相关的规定并不完善,诉讼的基础理论、概念、适用范围等问题都存在争议,也让两种诉讼在具体司法实践时产生了诸多的困惑,其中一项突出的问题就是生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与环境民事诉讼的关系与适用问题。两种诉讼在性质、作用、适用范围以及启动前提等若干方面均呈现出相似或一致的特征,它们均属于以保护环境公益为目的的公益诉讼,适用范围具有重叠之处,并且以穷尽行政手段为启动诉讼程序的共同前提。因此,众多学者都在对两种诉讼之间的适用以及关系问题进行了探讨和研究,并且提出了或衔接或整合的具体路径,以期实现理论的进步和实践的创新,进而解决两种诉讼制度在实践上的难题。通过对目前理论的反思,可以得出结论:生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼的理论基础和制度设计都存在很大的不同,并且分立衔接的方式更有利于发挥两种诉讼的合力,是以应当采取分立衔接的方式。但是想要让两种诉讼真正发挥各自的作用并进行分立衔接,就必须要解决目前两种诉讼制度的适用范围高度重合的问题。因此,必须首先探究两种诉讼制度的设立初衷,回归本质,厘清功能导向,并在此基础上划定两种诉讼的适用范围的边界。通过对两种诉讼功能的厘定,可以确定生态环境损害赔偿诉讼应当发挥“严重损害的事后修复”功能,而环境民事公益诉讼发挥的是“预防与监督”功能。从两种诉讼的功能价值出发,在两种诉讼功能二分的基础上,以是否发生严重环境损害来区分两种诉讼的程序选择,同时明确严重损害的标准和介入监督的前提,以确定生态环境损害赔偿诉讼与环境民事公益诉讼的适用边界,并在判断适用哪一种诉讼程序确有困难的情形下,由行政机关提起鉴定评估,以鉴定评估结果进行辅助判断。在启动程序方面,当穷尽行政手段仍不能有效阻却环境风险或救济受损生态环境后,政府及其指定机关在符合诉讼启动条件时提起生态环境损害赔偿诉讼。同时,社会组织应当在存在环境风险或存在一般性环境损害行为时提出预防性环境民事公益诉讼,并在行政机关怠于履行职责、检察机关怠于督促或督促无效时提起监督性环境民事公益诉讼。另外,也需要保证检察机关的后置补充性和监督职能,作为其他主体的补充者和支持者,在其他主体均不行使各自诉权时,提起环境民事公益诉讼,以达到全方位保护环境公益的目标。更多还原

【Abstract】 China has been exploring ways to protect and remedy environmental rights and interests,and has two litigation modes: environment damage compensation litigation and environmental civil public welfare litigation.Both litigation modes is very important,and are an important part of China’s environmental protection legal system,which provides important support for ecological environmental protection and the maintenance of environmental public welfare.Due to the ecological environmental damage compensation system and ecological environmental damages litigation belongs to the emerging system,the relevant provisions are not perfect,the basic theory of the litigation,the concept of litigation,the scope of application and other issues are controversial,and let the two kinds of lawsuits in the specific judicial practice has produced a lot of confusion,one of the prominent problem is that the ecological environmental damages litigation with the environmental protection of the public interest.Is the ecological environment damage compensation lawsuit and environmental civil litigation relationship and application of the problem.The two kinds of litigation in the nature,role,scope of application and start premise and so on a number of aspects are similar or consistent characteristics,they are to protect the environmental public welfare for the purpose of public interest litigation,and exhaustion of administrative means as a common premise for the initiation of litigation procedures.Therefore,many scholars have explored and researched the application and relationship between the two kinds of litigation,and put forward specific paths of convergence or integration,with a view to realizing theoretical progress and practical innovation,and thus solving the problems of the two kinds of litigation system in practice.By reflecting on the current theory,it can be concluded that: ecological environmental damages litigation and environmental civil public welfare litigation of the theoretical basis and system design are very different,and separate articulation is more conducive to give play to the synergy of the two kinds of litigation,so should be taken to separate articulation.But want to let the two kinds of litigation really play their respective roles and separate articulation,it is necessary to solve the current two kinds of litigation system of the problem of high overlap.Therefore,we must first explore the two litigation system’s original intention,return to the essence,clarify the functional orientation,and on this basis to delineate the boundaries of the two types of litigation.By defining the function of the two kinds of litigation,it can be determined that the ecological environment damage compensation litigation should play a serious damage repair function,while the environmental civil public welfare litigation is to undertake the prevention and supervision function.From the functional value of the two kinds of litigation,in the two kinds of litigation function on the basis of the dichotomy,to whether serious environmental damage to distinguish between the two kinds of litigation procedures,and at the same time,clear criteria for serious damage and intervention in the supervision of the prerequisite,in order to determine the ecological environment damages litigation and environmental civil public welfare litigation of the boundary of the application of the litigation and the application of the litigation in the judgment of the application of the litigation process is really difficult,by the administrative organs of the identification and assessment,with the identification and assessment results of the judgment.In cases where there are genuine difficulties in determining which procedure to apply,the administrative organ shall initiate an appraisal and make a judgment based on the appraisal results.In terms of initiation procedures,after exhausting administrative means and failing to effectively deter environmental risks or provide relief for damaged ecological environments,the government and its designated authorities shall initiate litigation for compensation for ecological and environmental damages when the conditions for such litigation have been met.At the same time,social organizations should file preventive lawsuits when there is an environmental risk or when there is general environmental damage,and file supervisory when the administrative authorities are negligent in fulfilling their duties and the procuratorial authorities are negligent or ineffective in supervising them.In addition,it is also necessary to ensure the post-complementary and supervisory functions of the procuratorial organs,as the complementary and supporter of other subjects,to file environmental civil public welfare lawsuits when all the other subjects are negligent in exercising their respective rights of action,so as to achieve the goal of all-round protection of environmental public welfare.更多还原