【作者】 周彦；

【导师】 李洪强； 毛颖杰；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 土木水利， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 随着全球经济的迅速发展,人们的生活质量和需求也在不断攀升,因此对居住条件的要求也愈来愈大,随之而来的是能耗的日益上升。目前全球面临着严峻的能源危机和环境挑战,建筑能耗约占全球能源消耗的40%,而中国建筑能耗也高达45.5%,其中又以采暖和空调能耗为主,因此,减少建筑能耗是世界各国节能减排的主要手段。越来越多的学者对无论是公共建筑还是居住建筑的能耗进行大量研究,但这些研究大多集中在城市建筑,对农村地区的建筑能耗研究相对较少,因此本研究将农村地区作为研究对象。主要研究内容及研究成果如下:(1)分析农村地区现有资源禀赋,总结现有资源的潜在利用形式,并比较其优缺点。农村地区地热能、生物质能、太阳能、风能等可再生能源储量丰富,存在多种利用形式,地热能:地下水源热泵系统、地表水源热泵系统、土壤源热泵系统;生物质能转换技术有:固体成型技术、直接燃烧技术、生物质气化技术和生物质沼气发酵技术;太阳能有太阳能光热、光伏、光热/光伏一体化技术;风能常见的利用形式是风力发电,对各种能源利用形式的优缺点进行比较。(2)对新农村能源新需求进行研究。为了使农村地区基础配套设施更加完善,给居民带来便利,促进经济快速发展,新农村形式将是农村未来的发展趋势。新农村实行集中居住需要为住宅供冷和供热;设置冷库、烘干类设施等需要提供工业冷和热;除此之外新农村地区用电也是不可或缺的。结合新农村用能需求,根据农村可再生能源潜在利用形式,面向不同的供能对象提出三种典型的能源系统:复合式冷却塔辅助地源热泵系统为居住建筑供冷、供热;生物质蒸汽锅炉耦合氨吸收式制冷机组系统为冷库供冷、烘干室供热;太阳能光伏发电系统为民用和工业建筑供电。(3)分析现有能源系统的评价指标,而本研究重点从经济性角度对能源系统进行评价分析。当前处于市场经济时代,人们关注重点更多的在工程经济,因此以工程经济性作为能源系统评价指标,通过计算三种典型能源系统的初投资、运行成本和投资回收期,判断能源系统在新农村的适宜性。(4)通过案例分析,对三种能源系统的经济性进行计算。结果如下:复合式冷却塔辅助地源热泵系统初投资为256.3万元,运行成本为46万元,与常规集中供暖+分体式空调系统相比,复合系统的投资回收期为7.67年,与房屋使用年限和设备寿命相比,投资回收期较短;生物质蒸汽锅炉与氨吸收式制冷机组耦合的能源系统初始成本为77.7万元,运行成本为68.5万元,与常规燃煤锅炉+氨压缩式制冷系统相比,系统投资回收期为4.57年,相对设备寿命20年来说时间较短;太阳能光伏发电系统的初始成本为697.6万元,运行成本为21.7万元,与常规市政供电相比,投资回收期为11年。总的来说,与房屋的使用年限以及设备的寿命相比,7.67年、4.57年、11年的投资回收期相对较短,因此三种典型系统可以在新农村地区应用。本研究为新农村能源系统优选提供新思路,面向不同供能对象提出的三种典型能源系统可以应用于农村地区,对夏热冬冷气候区基于经济性的新农村能源供应系统的选取有重要意义。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the wake of rapid global economic development,the escalating quality and demands of people’s lives have engendered an ever-increasing desire for improved living conditions,subsequently leading to a rising prevalence of energy consumption.At present,the world grapples with a severe energy crisis and environmental challenges.Architectural energy consumption accounts for approximately 40% of global energy usage;with China’s figure reaching a staggering 45.5%,primarily due to heating and air conditioning expenditures.Consequently,reducing architectural energy consumption has become a primary method for countries worldwide to achieve energy conservation and emissions reduction.An increasing number of scholars have conducted extensive research on the energy consumption of both public and residential buildings.However,the majority of these studies focus on urban structures,leaving rural areas comparatively under-explored.Thus,this study shall take such rural regions as its subject of investigation.The main research contents and results are as follows:(1)Analyze the existing resource endowments in rural areas,summarize the potential utilization forms of these resources,and compare their advantages a nd disadvantages.Rural areas possess abundant renewable energy reserves such as geothermal,biomass,solar,and wind energy,with various utilization forms.Geothermal energy includes groundwater heat pump systems,surface water heat pump systems,and soil-source heat pump systems.Biomass conversion technologies comprise solid molding technology,direct combustion technology,biomass gasification technology,and biomass anaerobic fermentation technology.Solar energy entails solar thermal,photovoltaic,and integrated solar thermal/photovoltaic technologies.While wind energy commonly manifests through wind power generation.A comparison of the pros and cons of different energy utilization forms is conducted.(2)Investigate the emerging energy demands in rural areas.In order to improve the infrastructure of rural regions,provide residents with convenience,and promote rapid economic growth,new rural development will be the prevailing trend for future rural advancements.Centralized living in new rural areas necessitates cooling and heating supply for residences;cold storage and drying facilities require industrial cooling and heating;moreover,electricity consumption is indispensable in these areas.Considering the energy requirements of new rural areas and the potential utilization of renewable energy sources,three typical energy systems are proposed for various energy supply targets: a composite cooling tower-assisted ground source heat pump system for cooling and heating residential buildings;a biomass steam boiler coupled with an ammonia absorption refrigeration system for cold storage cooling and drying room heating;and a solar photovoltaic power generation system for supplying electricity to civil and industrial buildings.(3)The evaluation indicators of the existing energy systems are analyzed,and this study focuses on the evaluation and analysis of the energy system from the economic perspective.As we are currently in a market economy era,people’s focus tends to be on the financial aspect of projects.Therefore,using economic feasibility as an evaluation indicator for energy systems.We’ll assess the suitability of various energy systems in new rural areas by calculating the initial investment,operational costs,and payback period of three typical energy systems.(4)Through case analysis,the economic performance of three energy systems is calculated.The results are as follows: The initial investment for the combined cooling tower-assisted ground source heat pump system is 2.563 million yuan,with operating costs at 460,000 yuan.Compared to the conventional centralized heating and split air-conditioning system,the payback period for the composite system is 7.67 years,which is relatively short considering the building’s lifespan and equipment durability.The biomass steam boiler and ammonia absorption chiller-coupled energy system have an initial cost of 777,000 yuan and operating expenses at 685,000 yuan.In comparison to the conventional coal-fired boiler and ammonia compression chiller system,the system’s investment payback period is 4.57 years,relatively short given its 20-year equipment lifespan.Lastly,the solar photovoltaic power generation system has an initial cost of 6.976 million yuan,with operating costs amounting to217,000 yuan.Compared to conventional municipal power supply,the payback period is 11 years.Overall,with payback periods of 7.67,4.57,and 11 years respectively,these three typical systems prove relatively shorter in comparison to the building’s usage period and equipment lifespan,making them suitable for application in new rural areas.This study offers fresh insights for the optimal selection of energy systems in rural areas,proposing three exemplary energy solutions tailored to various supply targets.These systems can be applied in rural regions and hold significant implications for choosing economically viable energy supply systems in regions with hot summers and cold winters.更多还原