【作者】 王磊；

【导师】 张璐璐；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 植物生态学， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 柄座衣属(Malmidea)地衣隶属于真菌界(Fungi)、子囊菌门(Ascomycota)、茶渍纲(Lecanoromycetes)、茶渍目(Lecanorales)、柄座衣科(Malmideaceae),该属的模式种为Malmidea piperis(Spreng.)Kalb,Rivas Plata&Lumbsch。目前,世界已报道约72种,中国仅报道7种。柄座衣属地衣的主要特征为:地衣体呈壳状,多连续分布,树生;大多地衣体表面有疣状结构,颗粒状至脓疱状,偶有地衣体表面光滑;地衣体或疣状结构的髓层常着色;光合共生物为绿藻;具前地衣体;子囊盘贴生,无柄,大多圆形;子囊盘分为两类:piperis型子囊盘的果壳由放射状菌丝形成;granifera型子囊盘的果壳由外部的菌丝和内部的髓层组成,具疏水颗粒和色素;囊层基透明至暗褐色;子囊顶器呈管状结构,通常不明显,单孢至8孢;孢子单胞,无色透明,孢子壁均匀加厚或末端加厚,具晕圈;分生孢子器罕见。本文的研究区域为中国热带和亚热带气候区,实验材料为野外采集的新鲜标本,馆藏于山东师范大学植物标本室(SDNU)的标本,以及从中国科学院昆明植物研究所隐花植物标本馆(KUN)、聊城大学地衣物种与基因资源生物学研究中心标本室(LCUF)借阅的标本。本研究采用野外调查及形态学、地衣化学、分子系统发生学的地衣分类研究方法,对352份柄座衣属地衣标本进行了系统的研究,提供了该属地衣的详细描述、形态及解剖图片、分种检索表,构建了系统发生树。研究结果如下:1.本研究对中国柄座衣属地衣进行全面系统的物种鉴定分类研究后,共鉴定出28种该属地衣,其中包括疑似新种3种:Malmidea sp.1、M.sp.2、M.sp.3;中国新记录种21种:小蒜柄座衣(M.allobakeri)、阿滕伯勒柄座衣(M.attenboroughii)、黄盘柄座衣(M.bacidinoides)、红棕柄座衣(M.badimioides)、玉蕊柄座衣(M.ceylanica)、灰质柄座衣(M.cineracea)、珊瑚柄座衣(M.coralliformis)、环盘柄座衣(M.duplomarginata)、屹耳柄座衣(M.eeuuae)、胀果柄座衣(M.inflata)、薄稃柄座衣(M.leptoloma)、乳突柄座衣(M.papillosa)、裂缝柄座衣(M.perplexa)、裂芽柄座衣(M.piae)、胡椒柄座衣(M.piperina)、粉芽柄座衣(M.polycampia)、橄榄灰柄座衣(M.psychotrioides)、瘤状柄座衣(M.sorsogona)、亚带耳柄座衣(M.subaurigera)、亚灰柄座衣(M.subcinerea)、亚颗粒柄座衣(M.subgranifera);其余4种为中国已报道种:带耳柄座衣(M.aurigera)、棕褐柄座衣(M.hechicerae)、巨孢柄座衣(M.indica)、赭黄柄座衣(M.reunionis)。2.本研究共获得136条ITS序列,87条mt SSU序列,通过筛选后,本研究选取其中31条ITS序列(包括新种3种,新记录种10种)结合Genbank数据,构建了柄座衣属地衣的系统发生树,结合表型特征对该属的系统发生树进行分析,明确了中国柄座衣属地衣属种间系统发生学关系,为该属后续更加深入的研究工作提供了基础数据。3.中国柄座衣属地衣主要分布在我国的南方地区,研究发现该属地衣主要生长于海拔2000 m以下的原始森林树干上,但巨孢柄座衣(M.indica)的分布可见于海拔2300m,颗粒柄座衣(M.granifera)的分布可见于海拔3400 m;颗粒柄座衣(M.granifera)在中国的分布范围最广,四川省、云南省、福建省、台湾省、香港等地皆有报道。4.中国柄座衣属地衣在区系地理成分上可划分为4种类型:热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布、热带亚洲分布、热带亚洲至热带非洲分布和中国特有分布,分布特征为:以热带地区为主要分布中心,部分可达亚热带地区。其中种类最多的是热带亚洲和热带美洲间断分布、热带亚洲分布,各具12种,占中国柄座衣属地衣总种数的42.86%;其次是中国特有分布,共3种,占中国柄座衣属地衣总种数的10.71%;最少的是热带亚洲至热带非洲分布,仅有1种,占中国柄座衣属地衣总种数的3.57%。由此可知,中国柄座衣属地衣以亚洲分布为主,包括热带亚洲分布型和中国特有分布型,共15种,约占中国已知总种数的53.5%。本研究首次对中国柄座衣属地衣开展了生物地理学分析,结果显示,我国南方地区,尤其是云南省,柄座衣属地衣的物种多样性较高。本研究结合形态学、分子系统发生学、生物地理学、地衣化学多种研究手段,对柄座衣属地衣开展全面系统的分类学研究,这对探明中国柄座衣属地衣的物种组成和分布规律,澄清该类地衣的分类学地位具有重要意义,为后续开展地衣资源的保护利用奠定了基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 The lichen genus Malmidea is classified into Malmideaceae,Lecanorales,Lecanoromycetes,Ascomycota,Fungi,the holotype of Malmidea is Malmidea piperis.Malmidea includes 72 species wordwide,of which 7 species have found in China.The main distinguishing features of this genus are: thallus corticolous,crustose,continuous,smooth to verrucose,granulose or pustulate,medulla of thallus or warts are often pigmented;photobiont chlorococcoid;with prothallus,apothecia sessile,mostly rounded;There are two types of apothecia: the excipulum of piperis-type apothecia is formed by radiating hyphae;the excipulum of granifera-type apothecia is composed of a paraplectenchymatous ectal excipulum and a medullary excipulum,with hydrophobic granules and pigment;hypothecium hyaline to dark brown;asci clavate with a tubular structure in the tholus which is usually very weakly,ascospores 1–8 per ascus,nonseptate,hyaline,wall evenly thickened or thickend at the ends,halonate;pycnidia rare.In this paper,the tropical and subtropical climate region is taken as the research area,relying on fresh specimens collected in the field,and the specimens collected from the Herbarium of Shandong Normal University(SDNU),the Herbarium of Lichen Species and Gene Resource Biology Research Center of Liaocheng University(LCUF),and the Herbarium of Cryptococcus of Kunming Institute of Botany,Chinese Academy of Sciences(KUN).The methods of field investigation,morphology,lichen chemistry and molecular phylogeny were used in this study,more than 352 specimens of lichen were identified and described.Detailed descriptions and illustrations were provided for each species,key to all known Chinese Malmidea species and phylogenetic trees of Malmidea were provided.The main findings are as follows:1.In this study,28 species of the Malmidea were identified.Among them,3 new species were discovered and described: Malmidea sp.1、M.sp.2、M.sp.3;21 new records in China,M.allobakeri 、 M.attenboroughii 、 M.bacidinoides 、 M.badimioides 、 M.ceylanica 、 M.cineracea、M.coralliformis、M.duplomarginata、M.eeuuae、M.inflate、M.leptoloma、M.papillosa、M.perplexa、M.piae、M.polycampia、M.psychotrioides、M.sorsogona、M.subaurigera 、M.subcinerea 、M.subgranifera 、M.piperina;the remaining 4 species have been reported in China: M.aurigera、M.hechicerae、M.indica、M.reunionis.2.A total of 136 ITS sequences and 87 mt SSU sequences were obtained in this study.31 ITS sequences from 16 taxonomic units of Malmidea(including 3 new species and 10 new records)were selected in this study.A phylogenetic tree of Malmidea was constructed in this study,and the phylogenetic tree of the genus was analyzed combined with phenotypic characteristics.The phylogenetic relationships among the species of the genus were clarified,which provided basic data for further classification of the genus.3.The vertical distribution range of Malmidea in China is relatively wide,mainly distributed in the southern low latitude area of China,in the altitude range of 150 m-2600 m.The lichen of Malmidea mainly grows below the altitude of 2000 m,but M.indica can be found at the altitude of 2300 m,and M.granifera can be found at the altitude of 3400 m;M.granifera is the most widely distributed in China,and has been reported in Sichuan,Yunnan,Fujian,Taiwan,Hong Kong and other places.4.The geographical composition of Malmidea in China can be divided into four types:Tropical Asia and Tropical America discontinuous distribution,tropical Asia distribution,tropical Asia to tropical Africa distribution and China unique distribution,distribution characteristics are: tropical areas as the main distribution center,some can reach subtropical areas.Among them,the most species are Tropical Asia and Tropical America discontinuous distribution,tropical Asia distribution,with 12 species each,accounting for 42.86% of Malmidea in China;the second is China unique distribution,with 3 species,each accounting for 10.71% of Malmidea in China;the least is Asia to tropical Africa distribution,with only 1 species,accounting for 3.57% of Malmidea in China.It can be seen that in terms of the geographical composition of the species,Malmidea are mainly distributed in Asia,including tropical Asian distribution type and China unique distribution type,a total of 15 species,accounting for about53.5% of Malmidea in China.This study firstly study the biogeography of Malmidea in China.The results show that the species diversity of Malmidea in southern China,especially in Yunnan Province.This study combined morphology,molecular phylogenetics,biogeography and lichen chemistry to carry out a comprehensive and systematic taxonomic study on Malmidea,which is of great significance to find out the species composition and distribution of Malmidea in China,clarify their taxonomic status,and lay a foundation for the protection and utilization of lichen resources in the future.更多还原