【作者】 张威；

【导师】 沈景华； 吴捷；

【作者基本信息】 苏州大学 ， 建筑学， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 传统民居中蕴含着大量适应当地气候的优秀节能策略,遗憾的是,很多气候适应性的被动式建筑设计方法始终没有形成系统科学的技术导则或标准得以推广和传承。同时,以苏南地区为代表的传统民居由于热湿环境的复杂性,大多数新建再建的传统风貌式民居的使用者主要依赖主动措施改善室内环境,传统民居的被动式建筑技术精髓始终没有发挥其最大效能。目前传统民居更新大都停留在加固修缮层面,风貌保护与节能改造之间的矛盾始终是更新的难点。因此,科学分析传统民居中的被动技术措施,合理规划主动设备的运用变得十分必要。本文以苏南地区的传统民居基于被动式技术体系的热湿环境节能改善为目标,通过传统民居形制的类型探讨与细节探索,室内外环境温湿度指标的定性机理分析和数据定量分析,将理论与实践相结合,研究并提出了苏南地区民居改造和复建的被动式技术体系和优化方法。首先,通过实地调研和问卷调查的方法对苏南地区传统民居的室内热湿环境现状进行了分析,发现部分民居即使采用了气候适应性设计,室内热舒适环境仍然不太理想。因此,本文对苏南地区气候适应措施进行了定性分析,从民居聚落与本体两个层面研究适应措施的常见做法和作用原理。其次,对苏南地区典型传统民居组群按要素进行了环境实测。分析结果显示,高宽比较大的街巷夏季巷内温度较低,靠近街巷一侧的房间温度改善最明显;天井进深相同的情况下,高天井相对矮天井可以带来更好的拔风效果,因此高天井的设置令夏季室内温度与湿度相对较低;设计备弄空间可有效改善室内热环境;相比天井,围墙院落夏季热环境及风环境较差,对室内热环境不利;此外,分析结果还表明,建筑距水体水平距离或垂直距离越近,空气温度越低,湿度越高。距水体水平距离相差6m,平均温度差值可达2.6℃左右,垂直距离相差1.2m,温度差值可达1.5℃左右。最后,通过把实测数据带入热湿平衡方程中,求解数量级较大的几项因素,再结合前文调研与实测所得出的结论,定量的模拟分析:规划自然通风时段以及优化冷巷、挑檐、天井、外围护结构等被动式技术措施对室内环境的调节力度,得出各项最优范围后,统一运用在优化对象中,分析优化前后室内热湿环境及能耗情况。结果表明,3～11月采用自然通风的手段可有效降低苏南民居室内湿度;高宽比为7:1的冷巷夏季巷内温度最低,湿度最高,但仍保持在60%左右,且向冷巷开窗可显著降低室内空气温度;此外,当挑檐高宽比为4.125时,夏季与冬季的室内环境综合提升效益最大;随着天井高深比由1:1逐步增大至3:1,天井及室内温度依次降低,全年能耗值依次下降。在民居北卧北侧继续增加一进天井后,北卧室内温度显著降低;最后,本文研究发现,苏南传统民居可通过整合天井、备弄及冷巷形成有序的通风体系,再结合适宜的挑檐及保温材料,达到通风效率、温湿度水平及遮阳性能提升的效果,节能率可达60%左右。更多还原

【Abstract】 Traditional dwellings have numerous energy-saving strategies tailored to local climates.However,many passive architectural design methods that adapt to the climate lack systematic and scientific guidelines for popularization.Additionally,users of renovated traditional dwellings often rely on active measures to enhance indoor environments,overlooking the passive architectural technology’s full potential.Current renovations focus mostly on reinforcement and repair,and balancing style preservation with energy efficiency remains challenging.Therefore,it’s crucial to scientifically analyze passive techniques in traditional dwellings and plan the use of active equipment rationally.This paper explores the use of passive technology systems to enhance energy efficiency in controlling heat and humidity in traditional dwellings in southern Jiangsu.Through a discussion of dwelling types and details,a qualitative analysis of indoor and outdoor environmental factors,and quantitative data analysis,it proposes a practical passive technology system and optimization method for house renovation in the region.Firstly,the indoor thermal and humidity environment of traditional dwellings in southern Jiangsu was analyzed through field investigation and questionnaire survey.It was found that,even if some dwellings were designed with climate adaptability,the indoor thermal and comfortable environment was still not ideal.Therefore,this paper makes a qualitative analysis of climate adaptation measures in southern Jiangsu,and studies the common practices and action principles of adaptation measures from two levels:residential settlements and the building itself.Secondly,the environmental measurement of typical traditional dwellings groups in southern Jiangsu was carried out according to the elements.The analysis results show that the temperature in the streets and lanes with a large aspect ratio is lower in summer,and the room near the streets and lanes has the most obvious improvement.Under the same depth,a tall patio can bring a better ventilation effect than a short patio,so the setting of a tall patio makes the indoor temperature and humidity relatively low in summer.Designing spare space can effectively improve the indoor thermal environment.Compared with a patio,the thermal environment and wind environment of a walled courtyard in summer are worse,which is unfavorable for the indoor thermal environment.In addition,the analysis results also show that the closer the horizontal or vertical distance between the building and the water body,the lower the air temperature and the higher the humidity.When the horizontal distance from the water body is 6m,the average temperature difference can reach approximately2.6℃,and with a vertical distance difference of 1.2m,the temperature difference can reach approximately 1.5℃.Finally,by incorporating the measured data into the heat and moisture balance equation,several key factors were identified.Then,combined with the conclusions of the previous investigation and measurement,a quantitative simulation analysis was conducted to plan the natural ventilation periods and optimize the passive technical measures,such as cool alleys,overhangs,patios,and external protective structures,for the indoor environment.After obtaining the optimal ranges,they were uniformly applied to the optimization objects to analyze the indoor heat and humidity environment and energy consumption before and after optimization.The results showed that natural ventilation can effectively reduce the indoor humidity of residential buildings in southern Jiangsu from March to November.The cool lane with a height-to-width ratio of 7:1 had the lowest temperature and the highest humidity in summer,but it still remained at about 60%,and opening windows to the cool lane significantly reduced the indoor air temperature.In addition,when the aspect ratio of overhangs was 4.125,the overall environmental improvement benefit for both summer and winter indoors was the greatest.As the aspect ratio of the patio gradually increased from 1:1 to 3:1,the temperature of the patio and indoors decreased accordingly,resulting in a decrease in annual energy consumption.After adding a patio to the north side of the bedroom in the residential building,the temperature in the bedroom decreased significantly.Finally,it was found that the traditional dwellings in southern Jiangsu can form an orderly ventilation system by integrating patios,verandahs,and cool alleys.Combined with appropriate overhangs and thermal insulation materials,the ventilation efficiency,temperature and humidity levels,and shading performance can be improved,achieving an energy-saving rate of about 60%.更多还原