【作者】 张金英；

【导师】 周岩梅；

【作者基本信息】 北京交通大学 ， 环境工程（专业学位）， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 2020年,我国在75届联合国大会上提出“双碳”目标,即力争2030年前实现碳达峰,2060年前实现碳中和。目前,交通运输行业是中国能源消耗和温室气体排放的主要贡献者之一,且碳排放增长速度为所有行业之首。站场作为铁路的重要组成部分,是铁路行业仅次于机车运行的第二大能耗和碳排放贡献者,研究其生命周期碳排放,评估碳减排措施具有非常重要的意义。本文基于生命周期理论,对长大铁路站场生命周期碳排放进行研究,综合评估碳减排措施,得出以下主要结论:（1）根据生命周期4个阶段,建立铁路站台生命周期碳排放核算模型,应用所建模型核算对比分析西南地区11个铁路站台生命周期碳排放。结果显示,11个铁路站台生命周期碳排放量为0.13-1.42万t CO_2e之间,大型中间站（K站台）工程物化阶段碳排放量占比最大（80%左右）,小型站台（G、H、J站台）运营维护阶段碳排放占比最高（平均为63.84%）。类型、面积不同的铁路站台,生命周期4阶段占比存在较大差异,但所有站台均显示工程物化和运营维护阶段碳排放贡献最大。从4阶段角度分析碳排放情况,勘探设计阶段差旅碳排放占比最大（平均52.36%）;工程物化阶段材料生产碳排放量占比最大（大约72%-94%）;运营维护阶段站台材料更换碳排放量占比最大（平均为70%）,有3个小型站台较为特殊（G、H、J站台）照明碳排放量占比最大（大约60%）,拆除处置阶段运输碳排放量占比最大（平均81.83%）。站台类型和面积大小决定了站台生命周期4阶段中人工、材料、机械等碳排放的占比。基于中间站站台工程物化碳排放量与到发线数量及分部工程的相关关系,建立站台工程物化碳排放线性回归方程,当要求核算精度一般时,可以为站台设计方案比选提供碳排放量快速便捷的核算方法。以碳排放、环境、经济、寿命等为评价指标,构建熵权密切值综合评估方法,对K站台工程物化阶段机械设备“油改电”节碳措施进行分析,发现机械设备使用西南电网电力（清洁能源比例85.74%）“油改电”碳排放量减少71.73%,且密切值为0,评价效果最优,说明在西南地区实行机械设备“油改电”具有很高节碳潜力和效益。（2）构建了铁路站房照明、电梯、给水排水、暖通空调系统运行运营碳排放核算模型,分析西南地区K站房运行运营碳排放。结果显示,节能负荷情境下碳排放量比满负荷运行平均减少50.83%,K站房远期规划相较于近期碳排放量提高了3%左右,且从碳排放量占比来看,暖通空调占比最大,平均为60%左右,其次是电梯系统,占到了22%左右。构建铁路站房运行运营光伏系统生命周期碳排放核算模型,以K车站站房消耗电量1.83×10²万k Wh/a为基础,核算其光伏系统生命周期（25年）碳排放量为2.62×10³t CO_2e,与使用西南电网电力相比,减少62.97%碳排放;应用熵权密切值法从碳排放、环境、经济3个角度综合评估光伏系统与电网供电的优劣点,结果发现,光伏系统供电效果最优,为零碳车站设计提供了数据支撑和理论基础。（3）界定了站场绿化碳汇核算边界,建立站场建设前原有土地利用类型碳效应和站场绿化工程生命周期碳效应核算方法,应用核算方法对比分析寒冷地区11个站场建设前后绿化碳效应。结果显示:11个铁路站场原有土地碳排放量在-2.65×10³t CO_2e-2.42t CO_2e之间,建设后生命周期碳排放量为-9.79×10²t CO_2e-2.93×10²t CO_2e,其中绿化工程碳汇量高于原土地的5个站台均采用“乔木+灌木+花卉+草地”的垂直种植模式,碳汇量平均增加了83.08%。应用熵权密切值法从碳排放、环境、经济等多角度对站场绿化进行评价,得出D站密切值最优,草地、花卉、乔木、灌木面积比为16:8:5:5,绿化后碳汇量为11个站场中最大(979.08t CO_2e)。研究结果将为未来站场绿化工程设计提供数据基础。更多还原

【Abstract】 In 2020,China proposed the goal of"carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals"at the 75th session of the United Nations General Assembly,that is,to achieve carbon peak by 2030 and carbon neutrality by 2060.At present,the transportation industry is one of the main contributors to chinese energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions,and the growth rate of carbon emissions is the fastest among all industries.As an important component of railways,station yards are the second largest contributor to energy consumption and carbon emissions in the railway industry after locomotive operation.Studying their life cycle carbon emissions and evaluating carbon reduction measures are of great significance.This article is based on the life cycle theory to study the carbon emissions during the life cycle of Long Railway Station yards.And comprehensive evaluation of carbon emission reduction measures.The following main conclusions are drawn:（1）Taking into account the four stages of the life cycle,a carbon emission accounting model for the life cycle of railway platforms was established.The model was applied to calculate and compare the carbon emissions of 11 railway platforms in Southwest region.The results show that the carbon emissions during the life cycle of 11railway platforms range from 1.3×10⁴ to 1.42×10⁴tons CO_2e,with the largest proportion of carbon emissions during the physical and chemical stage of large intermediate stations（K platforms）（about 80%）,and the highest proportion of carbon emissions during the operation and maintenance stage of small platforms（G,H,J platforms）（an average of63.84%）.There are significant differences in the proportion of four stages in the lifecycle of railway platforms with different types and areas,but all platforms show the greatest contribution to carbon emissions during the engineering and operation and maintenance stages.Analyzing carbon emissions from a four stages perspective,travel carbon emissions account for the largest proportion in the exploration and design stage（average52.36%）;The proportion of carbon emissions from material production during the engineering materialization stage is the highest（approximately 72%-94%）;During the operation and maintenance stage,the proportion of carbon emissions from platform material replacement is the highest（with an average of 70%）,and there are three small platforms that are more special（G,H,J platforms）with the highest proportion of carbon emissions from lighting（about 60%）;During the demolition stage,all 11 platforms have the highest proportion of transportation carbon emissions（average 81.83%）.The type and size of the railway platform determine the proportion of carbon emissions from labor,materials,machinery,and other factors in the four stages of the platform’s lifecycle.Based on the correlation between the physical and chemical carbon emissions of intermediate station platform engineering and the number of arrival and departure tracks and sub projects,a linear regression equation for the physical and chemical carbon emissions of platform engineering is established.When the accounting accuracy is required to be average,a fast and convenient accounting method for carbon emissions can be provided for the comparison and selection of platform design schemes.Using carbon emissions,environment,economy,and lifespan as evaluation indicators,a comprehensive evaluation method based on entropy weight osculating value was constructed to analyze the carbon saving measures of the mechanical equipment"oil to electricity"in the physical and chemical stage of the K platform project.It was found that after the"oil to electricity"transformation,the carbon emissions of the power grid in Southwest region,which accounted for 85.74%of clean energy,decreased（71.73%）,and the osculating value was0,indicating the best evaluation effect.It indicates that the implementation of"oil to electricity"mechanical equipment in the materialization stage of railway platform engineering in Southwest region has high carbon saving potential and benefits.（2）A carbon emission accounting model for railway station building operation was constructed by integrating lighting,elevators,water supply and drainage,HVAC and other systems,and analyzing the carbon emissions of K station building operation in Southwest region.The results show that in the recent energy-saving load scenario,carbon emissions have decreased by 50.83%compared to full load operation,and have decreased by 49.52%in the long term.The long-term planning of K station building has increased carbon emissions by about 3%compared to the recent period.And in terms of the proportion of carbon emissions,HVAC has the highest proportion,with an average of about 60%,followed by elevator systems,accounting for about 22%.Build a life cycle carbon emission accounting model for the operation of photovoltaic systems in railway station buildings,and calculate the power consumption of K station buildings by 1.83×10⁶k Wh/a,design a photovoltaic system for railway station buildings in Southwest region,and calculate its life cycle（25 years）carbon emissions to be 2.62×10³t CO_2e,reducing carbon emissions by 62.97%compared to using electricity from the Southwest region power grid.The entropy weight osculating value method was applied to comprehensively evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of photovoltaic systems and grid power supply from three perspectives:carbon emissions,environment,and economy.The results showed that photovoltaic systems have the best power generation effect,providing data support and theoretical basis for the design of zero carbon stations.（3）Defined the boundary of carbon sink accounting for station greening,established the carbon effect accounting method for the original land use type before station construction and the carbon effect accounting method for the life cycle of station greening engineering,and applied the accounting method to compare and analyze the carbon effect of greening before and after the construction of 11 stations in Southwest region.The results show that the carbon emissions from the original land of 11 railway stations are between-2.65×10³t CO_2e and 2.42 t CO_2e,the post construction life cycle carbon emissions are-9.79×10²t CO_2e-2.93×10²t CO_2e,among which the carbon sequestration of station A,B,C,E,and I greening engineering is higher than the original land.The five platform greening engineering adopt a vertical planting mode of"trees+shrubs+flowers+grassland",ith an average increase of 83.08%in carbon sequestration.The entropy weight osculating value method was applied to evaluate the greening of the station from multiple perspectives such as carbon emissions,environment,and economy.It was found that the comprehensive osculating value and carbon emission osculating value of Station D were the best,with an area ratio of grassland,flowers,trees,and shrubs of 16:8:5:5.After greening,the carbon sink amount was the largest among the11 stations(979.08t CO_2e).The research results of this chapter will provide a data basis for the design of future station greening projects.更多还原