【作者】 何磊；

【导师】 李敏；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 社会保障， 2023， 硕士

【副题名】基于CLDS2018数据

【摘要】 随着改革开放不断向纵深推进,互联网平台经济出现并持续发展,我国传统的用工模式被逐渐打破,灵活就业兴起,出现了如农民工、季节工、外卖配送员、网约车司机等规模庞大、类型繁多的灵活就业人员。灵活就业带了大量的工作岗位,缩小了城乡发展差距,对于促进我国经济社会发展、提高人民生活水平具有非常重要的意义。但长期以来,我国灵活就业人员的社会保障问题却没有得到很好地解决。由于我国现行的《劳动法》对于劳动关系的认定主要是依据三大“从属性”原则,即人格从属性原则、经济从属性原则和组织从属性原则。而灵活就业人员劳动关系复杂,在这三个方面的从属性上的特征都不明显,因此他们与用工单位之间的劳动关系认定困难,而用工单位出于利益因素和逃避责任,也很少与灵活就业人员签订劳动合同,其社会保险等劳动权益难以得到保障。当前我国灵活就业人员可以以个人身份参加城镇职工养老保险或城乡居民养老保险,但是费用需要自己全部承担,给他们带来了沉重的养老负担,导致他们的基本养老保险参保率较低。我国灵活就业人员所从事的大多是劳动强度大、收入低的工作,再加上他们本身社会禀赋较弱,其自身社会阶层认同和幸福感都不高。因此,探究基本养老保险对于灵活就业人员社会阶层认同和幸福感的影响,对于扩大基本养老保险覆盖面、提高灵活就业人员社会阶层认同和幸福感具有重要意义。本文依据社会分层理论、马斯洛需求层次理论和社会公平理论,使用2018年中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)数据,建立Ols模型来探析基本养老保险对于灵活就业人员社会阶层认同和幸福感的影响,并探讨该影响对于不同人群的异质性以及具体的影响机制。研究发现:第一,参加基本养老保险可以提升灵活就业人员的社会阶层认同,并且对于农村户籍的灵活就业人员的提升更为显著,而对城市户籍的灵活就业人员的提升较低;第二,参加基本养老保险可以提高灵活就业人员的幸福感,且对中低收入的灵活就业人员幸福感的提高较大,而对高收入的灵活就业人员幸福感的提高较小;第三,收入、受教育水平、健康状况、政治面貌、婚姻状况等对于灵活就业人员社会阶层认同和幸福感都具有显著正向影响,而性别则具有显著负向影响,男性灵活就业人员的社会阶层认同和幸福感都低于女性。第四,基本养老保险通过提升灵活就业人员社会公平感,从而提高他们的社会阶层认同和幸福感。结合实证分析结果与我国灵活就业人员现状,提出对策建议:政府要完善相关法律法规、强化制度顶层设计、加强政策宣传解读;社会要为灵活就业人员建立网络服务平台,同时营造一个对于灵活就业人员和谐包容的环境;用工单位要落实主体责任,优化员工工资制度,切实为灵活就业人员提供基本劳动保障;而灵活就业人员自身要积极了解养老保险政策,精进个人劳动技能。通过多主体协同发力,提高灵活就业人员基本养老保险参保率,提升他们的社会阶层认同和幸福感。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the deepening of reform and opening up and the development of the platform economy,China’s traditional employment model has been gradually broken,and flexible employment has emerged,including migrant workers,seasonal workers,take-out delivery workers,online taxi drivers and other large and diverse types of flexible employment.Flexible employment brings a large number of jobs and narrows the gap between urban and rural development,which plays a very important role in promoting China’s economic and social development and improving people’s living standards.But for a long time,the problem of social security for flexible employees in China has not been well solved.Since the current Labor Law of China determines the labor relationship mainly based on three "subordinate" principles,namely,economic subordinate,organizational subordinate and personality subordinate,while the labor relationship of flexible employees is complex,and the characteristics of these three aspects are not obvious,so it is difficult to determine the labor relationship between them and the employing unit,while the employing unit is in the interest factor and evades responsibility,It is also rare to sign labor contracts with flexible employees,whose labor rights and interests such as social insurance are difficult to be guaranteed.At present,China’s flexible employees can participate in the basic endowment insurance for urban workers or urban and rural residents in their personal capacity,but the costs need to be fully borne by themselves,which brings them a heavy burden of old-age care,resulting in their low participation rate in the basic endowment insurance.Most of the flexible employees in China are engaged in jobs with high labor intensity and low income.In addition,their social endowment is weak,and their social class identity and happiness are not high.Therefore,it is of great significance to explore the impact of basic endowment insurance participation on the social class identity and happiness of flexible employees for expanding the coverage of basic endowment insurance and improving the social class identity and happiness of flexible employees.Based on the social stratification theory,Maslow’s demand hierarchy theory and social equity theory,this paper uses the 2018 China Labor Force Dynamics Survey(CLDS)data to establish an Ols model to analyze the impact of basic endowment insurance participation on the social class identity and happiness of flexible employees,and explore the heterogeneity of the impact on different groups and the specific impact path.The research finds that: First,participation in basic endowment insurance can improve the social class identity of flexible employees,and it is more significant for flexible employees with rural registered residence registration,but less significant for flexible employees with urban registered residence registration;Second,participating in basic endowment insurance can improve the happiness of flexible employees,and the happiness of flexible employees with middle and low income will be greatly improved,while the happiness of flexible employees with high income will be slightly improved;Third,income,education level,health status,political outlook and marital status have a significant positive impact on the social class identity and happiness of the flexible employees,while gender has a significant negative impact.The social class identity and happiness of the male flexible employees are lower than that of the female.Fourth,basic endowment insurance enhances the social class identity and happiness of flexible employees by enhancing their sense of social fairness.Combining the results of empirical analysis with the current situation of flexible employment in China,this paper puts forward suggestions: The government should improve relevant laws and regulations,strengthen the top-level design of the system,and strengthen policy publicity and interpretation;The society should establish a network service platform for flexible employees,while creating a harmonious and inclusive environment for them;Employers should implement their main responsibilities,optimize the employee salary system,and effectively provide basic labor security for flexible employees;Flexible employees themselves should actively understand pension insurance policies and improve their personal labor skills.Improve the participation rate of basic endowment insurance for flexible employees and enhance their social class identity and happiness through multi-agent collaborative efforts.更多还原