【作者】 张洁；

【导师】 王良顺；

【作者基本信息】 中南财经政法大学 ， 刑法学， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 《刑法修正案(十一)》正式出台,将高空抛物罪纳入妨害社会管理秩序罪项下第二百九十一条之二,将其作为独立罪名开始施行已一年有余,高空抛物罪在司法实践的适用问题也日益凸显。从整体态势看,高空抛物罪在司法实践中得到了广泛的应用,高空抛物罪作为《刑法修正案(十一)》新增罪名扩大了对高空抛物行为的打击范围。从部分重要认定要素看,高空抛物罪在司法实践上尚未形成相对统一规范的认定要素标准,因为作为新增罪名尚未出台司法解释对构成要件要素进行规范解释。由此带来的问题是高空抛物罪在司法适用过程中的扩张化。高空抛物罪在司法适用过程中存在扩张化问题,其扩张化主要表现为时空要素司法认定的宽泛化、抛掷行为司法认定的形式化、情节严重司法认定的模糊化三个方面。首先,时空要素认定的宽泛化问题是对凌晨时段发生的高空抛物案件未进行有无车辆与行人经过的说明,而推定任何时候实施高空抛物行为都能危及公共秩序,对于发生在并非公共出入场所的高空抛物行为也认定为扰乱公共秩序的高空抛物罪。其次,抛掷行为采用形式化认定,对抛掷物品的性质不加考量,对高空抛物行为产生的不同层级的危险不加区分同等看待。最后,由于高空抛物罪的司法解释尚未出台,实践中将表征行为人人身危险性的要素纳入情节严重的情节加以考量,绝大部分案例对于“情节严重”一笔带过,只要其满足高空抛物罪的其他形式要件就认定该行为构成高空抛物罪。为解决高空抛物罪司法适用扩张化的问题,本文对问题产生的原因进一步做出分析。其一,高空抛物罪时空要素司法认定的宽泛化问题主要是由于司法机关对于保护法益的表面理解和抽象适用,将实施高空抛物行为的时间、空间要素与人的联系相割裂,使对公共秩序这一法益没有产生侵害危险的时段和区域下实施的高空抛物行为也被纳入刑法规制范畴。其二,司法实践对于抛掷行为形式化认定主要是由于司法机关对抽象危险的判断采用形式判断。其三,司法机关对于“情节严重”的笼统认定主要是由于对情节要素的忽视和司法机关采用类构成要件复合体说,对“情节严重”进行模糊宽泛认定。基于问题产生的原因分析,本文从三个方面对高空抛物罪的司法适用进行限缩,拟解决高空抛物罪司法适用扩张化的问题。第一,高空抛物罪时空要素的认定应当以法益保护原则的具体化为理论指导,积极搭建高空抛物的时空要素与人相联系的桥梁,将高空抛物的时空要素应当限缩为“建筑物或其他高空中公众出入的时段与区域”。第二,对于抛掷行为的认定应当以综合判断说为理论指导,将实质判断对法益考察与形式判断对构成要件的解读相结合。在综合判断说下将高空抛物罪中的抛掷行为限缩为“从高处利用高差抛掷致危物品”。第三,对于“情节严重”的认定以违法构成要件要素说为理论依据。只有表明法益侵害程度的要素才能作为“情节严重”情节的考量要素。通过正向列举与法益侵害程度相关的要素和反向排除与客观违法性程度不相关的要素对高空抛物罪“情节严重”的认定予以具体说明,以防止“情节严重”被误用而扩大高空抛物罪的成立范围。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Criminal Law Amendment(XI)was officially introduced,which included the crime of throwing objects at heights into Article 29-2 of the crime of impairing social management order.It has been more than a year since it was implemented as an independent crime.The application of the crime of throwing objects at heights in judicial practice has become increasingly prominent.From the overall situation,the crime of throwing objects at high altitude has been widely used in judicial practice.As a new crime in the Criminal Law Amendment(XI),the crime of throwing objects at high altitude has expanded the scope of attack on the act of throwing objects at high altitude.From the perspective of some important identification elements,the crime of throwing objects at heights has not yet formed a relatively unified and standardized identification element standard in judicial practice,because as a new crime,no judicial interpretation has been issued to regulate the interpretation of the constituent elements.The resulting problem is the expansion of the crime of throwing objects at high altitude in the process of judicial application.The crime of throwing objects at heights has the problem of expansion in the process of judicial application.Its expansion is mainly manifested in three aspects: the broadening of judicial identification of time and space elements,the formalization of judicial identification of throwing acts,and the fuzziness of judicial identification of serious circumstances.First of all,the problem of broad recognition of space-time elements is that there is no explanation of whether there is a car or a pedestrian passing the high-altitude parabolic case in the early morning,and it is presumed that the high-altitude parabolic act can endanger public order at any time.For high-altitude parabolic acts that occur in places other than public access,they are also recognized as the crime of disrupting public order.Secondly,the throwing act is formally recognized,regardless of the nature of throwing objects,Different levels of danger caused by high-altitude parabolic behavior are treated equally without distinction.Finally,as the judicial interpretation of the crime of throwing objects at high altitude has not yet been published,the elements representing the personal danger of the behavior will be included in the serious circumstances for consideration in practice.In most cases,the "serious circumstances" have been ignored,and as long as it meets the other formal requirements of the crime of throwing objects at high altitude,it will be determined that the act constitutes the crime of throwing objects at high altitude.In order to solve the problem of judicial application expansion of the crime of throwing objects at high altitude,this thesis further analyzes the causes of the problem.First,the judicial recognition of the space-time elements of the crime of throwing objects at heights is broad,mainly because the judicial authorities have superficial understanding and abstract application of the protection of legal interests,and have separated the time and space elements of the act of throwing objects at heights from the relationship between people,so that the act of throwing objects at heights in the period and region where there is no risk of infringement of the legal interests of public order is also included in the scope of criminal law.Second,the formal recognition of throwing behavior in judicial practice is mainly due to the formal judgment of the judicial authorities on abstract dangers.Third,the general determination of "serious circumstances" by the judicial authorities is mainly due to the neglect of the elements of the circumstances and the judicial authorities’ adoption of the theory of "complex of similar constitutive elements" to vaguely and broadly determine "serious circumstances".Based on the analysis of the causes of the problem,this thesis limits the judicial application of the crime of throwing objects at high altitude from three aspects.First,the identification of space-time elements of high-altitude parabolic crime should be guided by the concretization of the principle of legal interest protection,actively build a bridge between the space-time elements of high-altitude parabolic crime and people,and limit the space-time elements of high-altitude parabolic crime to "time periods and areas for buildings or other high-altitude public access".Second,the identification of throwing behavior should be guided by the theory of comprehensive judgment,combining the investigation of legal interests by substantive judgment with the interpretation of constituent elements by formal judgment.Under the comprehensive judgment,the throwing behavior in the crime of throwing objects from high altitude is limited to "throwing dangerous articles from high altitude by using altitude difference".Third,the identification of "serious circumstances" is based on the theory of elements of illegal elements.Only the elements that indicate the extent of legal interest infringement can be considered as the elements of "serious circumstances".By listing the elements related to the degree of infringement of legal interests in the positive direction and eliminating the elements not related to the degree of objective illegality in the reverse direction,the identification of the serious circumstances of the crime of throwing objects at heights is explained in detail,so as to prevent the "serious circumstances" from being misused and expand the scope of the crime of throwing objects at heights.更多还原