【作者】 杨柳；

【导师】 张颖；

【作者基本信息】 云南大学 ， 生物与医药（专业学位）， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 文山壮族苗族自治州(文山州),位于我国生物多样性最丰富的省份之一云南省的东南部。文山州植被覆盖度高、气候多变,物种多样,独特的地理地形和气候等因素使其成为大型真菌生长繁殖的有利地区,但同时文山州也面临着生态系统脆弱性的问题,因此对文山州的大型真菌资源进行系统性调查意义重大,探究大型真菌根际土壤微生物对大型真菌资源的保护和促繁利用有重要意义。本研究以文山州8个县/市为调查区域,重点调查8个自然保护区,采用实地调查、采集标本、室内鉴定结合文献资料调查的策略,使用踏查法和样线法野外调查采样,对该区域内大型真菌资源和大型真菌根际土壤微生物的物种多样性及其与环境的相关性等进行研究,共采集551份大型真菌标本和74份土壤样本,以分子生物学方法为主、形态学鉴定为辅,结合文献资料调查得到2215个大型真菌记录,土壤样本真菌测序鉴定到大型真菌235个,统计得到文山州大型真菌样品共3001个,最终鉴定2893个,确定文山州大型真菌1027种,隶属于28目111科304属,其中食用菌245种,药用菌183种,毒菌111种,药食性待查684 种。区系组成上看,种数超过20的优势科有10科536种,占总科数的9.00%。优势科分别为红菇科Russulaceae、粉褶菌科Entolomataceae、多孔菌科Polyporaceae、小皮伞科 Marasmiaceae、牛肝菌科 Boletaceae、球盖菇科Strophariaceae、口蘑科 Tricholomataceae、鹅膏菌科 Amanitaceae、锈革孔菌科Hymenochaetaceae和伞菌科Agaricaceae,超过本区总种数的一半;属分类水平上红菇属Russula、粉褶红盖菇属Entoloma、鹅膏属Amanita、小皮伞属Marasmius牛肝菌属Boletus、灵芝属Ganoderma、和乳菇属Lactarius是文山州优势类群,其中红菇属属内种数有75种,是文山州最为丰富的类群,占总属数的24.67%,其次乳菇属Lactarius、鹅膏属Amanita属内种数分别44、40种,占总属数的14.47%、13.16%,是文山州第二、第三丰富的类群。州内大型真菌以世界广布成分、北温带成分和泛热带成分为主,分别有114属、36属和33属,占总属数的60.64%、19.15%、17.55%。通过对文山州珍稀资源濒危物种评价研究,发现食用菌245种,药用菌183种,对分布在该地区的1027种物种的濒危程度进行了研究,结果显示文山州大型真菌濒危有2种,易危的有3种,近危的有7种,167种大型真菌数据不足,338种大型真菌无危,国家二级保护种类1种(松口蘑Tricholoma matsutake)。为探究大型真菌根际土壤微生物群落结构与大型真菌生长的联系,本研究对74份优势大型真菌的根际土壤样本中的微生物群落进行深入研究,土壤样本来源以红菇科大型真菌根际为主,结合部分牛肝菌科和少量其他科大型真菌根际。结合课题组前期对松茸根际土壤微生物的研究数据,分析发现,文山州和松茸土壤样本均呈现(弱)酸性,文山州土壤样本中显示有机质和总磷分别是影响土壤真菌和细菌群落组成的主要理化因子。对文山州大型真菌根际土壤微生物群落多样性的研究中,在地点分布上,广南县的物种丰富度最高;来源上非根际土壤样本的微生物丰富度高于根际土的。树粉孢属Oidiodendron、青霉属Penicillium、Saitozyma、伞状霉属 Umbelopsis、木霉属 Trichoderma、被孢霉菌 Mortierella、Sagenomella、Geminibasidium是文山州样本的优势真菌,木霉属Trichoderma、伞状霉属Umbelopsis、Sagenomella在根际土中占比更高,可能是与大型真菌生长有关的重要微生物,青霉属Penicillium具有一定的抑制作用,这值得进一步探索;优势细菌属有慢生根瘤菌属Bradyhizobium、Conexibacter、嗜酸栖热菌属Acidothermus、分枝杆菌属Mycobacterium,其中嗜酸栖热菌属Acidothermus、慢生根瘤菌属Bradyrizobium和分枝杆菌属Mycobacterium在根际土中占比更高,推测为菌根辅助细菌;通过对松茸根际土壤微生物的研究,进一步发现优势属伯克氏菌属Burkholderia对松茸生长的重要性,同时也证明了短根瘤菌属Bradyrhizobium在大型真菌生长方面的重要作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture(Wenshan Prefecture)is located in southeastern Yunnan Province,one of the most biodiverse provinces in China.Wenshan Prefecture has high vegetation coverage,changeable climate and diverse species.The unique geographical terrain and climate make it a favorable area for the growth and propagation of macrofungi.However,at the same time,Wenshan Prefecture is also confronted with the problem of ecosystem vulnerability.It is very important to study microorganisms in the soil of the microbial layer of macrofungi to protect and spread macroscopic fungal resources.In this study,8 counties in Wenshan Prefecture were selected as the investigation area,and 8 nature reserves were investigated.Field investigation,sample collection,indoor identification and literature investigation strategies have been adopted,and field investigation and sampling were conducted by using the method of field investigation and line translocation to study the macrofungal resources and the species diversity of macrofungal rhizosphere soil microorganisms and their correlation with the environment in this area.A total of 551 samples of macrofungi and 74 soil samples were collected,mainly using molecular biological methods and supplemented by morphological identification.In combination with the literature investigation,2215 records of macro fungi were obtained,235 macrofungi were identified by sequencing in soil samples,and a total of 3001 macrofungi samples were obtained in Wenshan Prefecture,and 2893 macrofungi were finally identified.A total of 1027 species of macrofungi were identified in Wenshan Prefecture,belonging to 304 genera and 111 families of 28 orders,among which 245 were edible fungi,183 were medicinal fungi,111 were toxic fungi,and 684 were to be investigated for their medicinal and edible properties.In terms of floristic composition,there were 536 species in 10 families with more than 20 species,accounting for 9.00%of the total families.The dominant families of Wenshan Prefecture were Russulaceae,Entolomataceae,Boletaceae,Polyporaceae,Marasmiaceae,Strophariaceae,Tricholomataceae,Amanitaceae,Hymenochaetaceae and Agaricaceae,these families accounted for more than half of the total species in this area.At the generic classification level,Russula,Entoloma,Amanita,Marasmius,Boletus,Ganoderma and Lactarius are the dominant groups in Wenshan Prefecture.There 75 species in the genus Rugosula,which is the most abundant group in Wenshan,accounting for 24.67%of the total genera.Thereafter,there are 44 species in the genus Lactarius and 40 species in the genus Amanita,accounting for 14.47%and 13.16%of the total genera.They are the second and third most abundant groups in Wenshan.Macrofungi were mainly composed of cosmopolitan,North temperate and pantropical components,with 114 genera,36 genera and 33 genera respectively,accounting for 60.64%,19.15%and 17.55%of the total genera.According to the evaluation of rare resources and endangered species in Wenshan Prefecture,245 species of edible fungi and 183 species of medicinal fungi were found.The endangerment degree and conservation priority of 1027 species distributed in Wenshan Prefecture were evaluated.The results showed that there were 2 species of EN,3 species of VU and 7 species of NT macrofungi in Wenshan Prefecture.Data of 167 macrofungi were DD,338 macrofungi were LC,and 1 species was under national second-class protection(Tricholoma matsutake).In order to explore the relationship between macrofungal rhizosphere soil microbial community structure and macrofungal growth,an in-depth study was conducted on the microbial community in 74 rhizosphere soil samples of dominant macrofungi.The soil samples were mainly derived from the macrofungal rhizosphere of the Russulaceae family,combined with part of the Boletaceae family and a few macrofungal rhizosphere of other families.Based on the previous research data on rhizosphere soil microorganisms of Matsutake mushroom,soil samples from Wenshan Prefecture and Matsutake mushroom showed(weak)acidity,and soil samples from Wenshan Prefecture showed that OM and TP are the main physiochemical factors influencing the formation of soil fungi and bacteria respectively.In studying the diversity of microbial communities in the macrofungal Mycosphere and Bulk soil of Wenshan Prefecture,Guangnan County had the highest species richness in terms of location distribution.The abundance of fungi and bacteria in Bulk soil was higher than that in the Mycosphere soil.Oidiodendron,Penicillium,Saitozyma,Umbelopsis,Trichoderma,Mortierella,Sagenomella,Geminibasidium were samples of Idiodendron,Penicillium,Saitozyma,Trichoderma and Geminibasidium.The dominant fungi,Trichoderma,Umbelopsis and Sagenomella,occupy a higher proportion in rhizosphere soil,and may be important microorganisms related to the growth of macrofungi.Penicillium has certain inhibitory effect,which is worth further exploration.The dominant bacteria genera include Bradurhizobium,Acidothermus,Mycobacterium,Conexibacter,Bradyrhizobium,Acidothermus and Mycobacterium occupy a higher proportion in rhizosphere soil and can be inferred to be mycorrhizal auxiliary bacteria.The importance of the dominant genus Burkholderia to the growth of matsutake was further identified through the study of soil microorganisms,and the important role of Bradyrhizobium in the growth of macrofungi was also demonstrated.更多还原