【作者】 李青；

【导师】 罗国强；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 国际法， 2022， 硕士

【副题名】以“海洋科学研究”术语为例

【摘要】 《维也纳条约法公约》为条约解释提供了相关的解释规则。然而,随着时间的流逝,各缔约方签订条约的实际依据发生了变化,由此产生了一种与传统的条约解释不同的条约解释方式——条约演化解释。条约演化解释的产生是主观因素和客观因素共同作用的结果:条约法律文本的模糊性为条约解释提供空间,传统条约解释方法由于缺乏灵活性而难以适应国际社会和国际法不断发展的动态需求。条约演化解释过程伴随着司法能动主义的发挥,国家为了争取更多的制度话语权在国际司法实践中不断尝试利用条演化解释的方法。1982年《联合国海洋法公约》在海洋科学研究领域确立了沿海国同意制度,由于公约并未就“海洋科学研究”术语下定义,这也造成了海洋科学研究制度存在适用上的困境。近年来海洋科学技术不断发展,国家对海洋战略地位的重视程度也在日益提高,国家管辖范围外海洋遗传资源获取活动的法律构建问题成为全球海洋治理的热点问题。海洋科学研究条款能否适用到区域外海洋遗传资源的获取活动上是其中具有代表性的争议问题。而“海洋科学研究”这一术语的演化解释是解决这一问题的途径。对“海洋科学研究”术语的演化解释需要讨论它的正当性与合理性。《联合国海洋法公约》的“建设性模糊”和“宪章性”的立法特点蕴含了缔约国对该术语的演化意图,为“海洋科学研究”术语提供了足够的演化空间;国际贸易领域、国际人权法等领域的国际司法实践为术语的演化解释提供实践指导。演化解释适用于“海洋科学研究”的路径不是任意的,其需要具备以下要件:即该术语具有“一般性”、《联合国海洋法公约》具有“无期限性”以及所进行的演化解释符合公约的目的和宗旨。为了避免演化解释超过必要限度,对“海洋科学研究”术语的演化解释需要遵循国家同意原则和善意原则的要求。条约演化解释方法代表着条约解释领域新的发展趋势,研究演化解释方法在国际海洋法领域的适用不仅有利于增强“海洋科学研究”术语确定性,而且有利于促进《联合国海洋法公约》的发展,推动全球海洋治理的进程。演化解释是一把双刃剑,在中国积极参与和制定国际规则的过程中,要坚决防范和抵制任何利用演化解释侵犯我国国家主权利益的行为。更多还原

【Abstract】 Interpretation of treaties is an important branch of international law,and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties stipulates relevant rules of interpretation.However,with time going by,the realistic basis for the contracting parties to enter into treaties has changed,which leads to a method of treaty interpretation that is different from traditional treaty interpretation,that is,evolution interpretation.The evolutionary interpretation of treaties is the result of the combined effect of subjective and objective factors: the ambiguity of the legal text of the treaty provides space for treaty interpretation,and the traditional method of treaty interpretation is difficult to adapt to the dynamic needs of the international community and the continuous development of international law due to its lack of flexibility.The process of treaty evolutionary interpretation is accompanied by the exertion of judicial activism.In order to gain more institutional discourse power,the state has been trying to use the method of treaty evolutionary interpretation in international judicial practice.In 1982,the UNCLOS established the consent system of coastal states in the field of marine scientific research.Since the Convention does not define the term“marine scientific research”,it also caused the dilemma in the application of the marine scientific research system.Recently,with the continuous development of marine science and technology,the state attaches more and more importance to the strategic position of the ocean,and the legal construction of the acquisition of marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction has become a hot issue in global ocean governance.Whether the marine scientific research provisions can be applied to the acquisition of marine genetic resources outside the region is one of the representative disputes.An evolutionary interpretation of the term “marine scientific research” is the solution to this problem.The evolutionary interpretation of the term “marine scientific research” has its own validity and legitimacy.The “Ambiguity construction” and “charter-based”legislative features of the “UNCLOS” contain the evolutionary intentions of the parties to the term,and provide enough space for the evolution of the term “marine scientific research”;International judicial practice such as international trade,human rights law provides practical support for evolutionary interpretation.The evolutionary interpretation of the term “marine scientific research” needs to meet three requirements: the term is “general”,the UNCLOS is “indefinite”,and the evolutionary interpretation complies with the purpose of the Convention.In order to avoid the evolutionary interpretation exceeding the necessary limit,the evolutionary interpretation of the term “marine scientific research” needs to follow the requirements of the principle of national consent and the principle of good faith.The evolutionary interpretation method of treaties represents a new development trend in the field of treaty interpretation.Studying the evolutionary interpretation’s applicable value in the field of international law of the sea is not only conducive to enhancing the certainty of the term “marine scientific research”,but also conducive to promoting the development of the UNCLOS,to promote the process of global ocean governance.Evolutionary interpretation is a double-edged sword.As an active participant and maker of international rules,China must resolutely prevent and resist any behavior that uses evolutionary interpretation to infringe our country’s interests of sovereignty.更多还原