【作者】 李莉；

【导师】 杨吉华；

【作者基本信息】 云南师范大学 ， 文艺学， 2024， 硕士

【摘要】 若泽·萨拉马戈(JoséSaramago,1922-2010),是第一位也是唯一一位获得诺贝尔奖的葡语作家,其创作涉及诗歌、小说、剧本等多种文体,其中以长篇小说最为出名,一直受到欧美学界与翻译界的广泛关注。他以惊人的创作才能、复杂多变的叙事风格,以及挑战世俗的勇气闻名遐迩,在整个葡萄牙乃至西方文学史上都有极其重要的地位。本文以“历史、欲望、权力”三个关键词作为叙事研究对象,分析小说中历史叙事、欲望叙事、权力叙事的建构方法及其艺术效果。由此发掘萨拉马戈小说创作中“葡萄牙民族精神”的深刻内涵及其对人类命运的深切关怀。论文除绪论和结语外,主体内容主要分为四章:第一章主要分析萨拉马戈小说写作特色的成因。葡萄牙民族由盛转衰的曲折历史以及作者个人独特的生活经历共同培育了作者肥沃的思想土壤。葡萄牙民族开放的胸襟、高远的眼界、虔诚的情怀在萨拉马戈的小说中也有所反映。面对帝国的衰落,葡萄牙民族本土文学呈现出忧郁而怀旧的特质,萨拉马戈继承了葡萄牙本土文学的叙事传统,并不断对其他西方国家作家的创作进行模仿和学习,逐渐形成了他鲜明的写作特色和独特的写作风格。第二章以“纪实和虚构”为关键词分析萨拉马戈小说中历史叙事的内容与策略。结合葡萄牙相关历史文献资料分析萨拉马戈小说,发现其虚构文本背后是真实的历史事件,串联文本发展脉络的重大事件皆可在史书中找到真实事件的影子;但历史的真实性却未能束缚萨拉马戈在创作上的才华,他借用丰富的角色、跌宕的情节、魔幻化的表现等方式来展现小说虚构的本色。萨拉马戈以叙述主体与潜在自我的相互映照,以及个人叙事与宏大叙事的交织并行的叙事策略,双重的叙事视角与叙事立场使得作品轻松地实现纪实与虚构的双重并峙。第三章以“沉沦与挣脱”为核心分析萨拉马戈作品中欲望叙事的内容与策略。本章主要结合德勒兹等人的欲望理论分析萨拉马戈小说中所描写的欲望的沉沦与挣脱。作者在小说中刻画欲望时,他的创作意图与创作实践中时常呈现出一种错位的状态。萨拉马戈一面以崩盘的文明为叙事基调,让血腥与暴力成为叙述底色,着重刻画欲望的生成与扭曲;一面又在苦难与崩溃的绝望环境中,让温情与救赎数次涌现,放大人性光辉,展现出欲望的游动与多面。再以欲望为核心,借一个人物之口叙述两个故事,串联起一条若隐若现的叙事迷宫之线。最后,抹去人物的姓名,使用共性隐于个性的符号化叙事手段暴露出社会中的群体问题,使得小说的批判对象不再局限于个人,而是面向社会,面对世界,使小说思想内涵得到升华。第四章以“失明和复明”为切入点剖析萨拉马戈作品中权力叙事的内容与策略。本章主要结合福柯等人的权力理论分析萨拉马戈小说中所描写的权力的压迫与反抗。权力的压迫是无形的,然而权力的反抗是有形的。作者以他者的关怀、实际的抗争、自我意识的觉醒等对暴力统治与秩序权威进行反抗,通过塑造几个美好的理想人物来架构一个寄寓人性光辉的“精神乌托邦”给人以希望。然后,利用时间的解构与空间的区隔的叙事策略,辅助戏谑和反讽的语言,进一步消解了上帝和政府权力的崇高性,帮助人们找回自我,解放精神的禁锢,寻求自由。更多还原

【Abstract】 Jose Saramago(1922-2010)is the first and only Portuguese writer to win the Nobel Prize,his works involve poetry,novels,plays and other genres,among which the novel is the most famous,has been widely concerned by the academic and translation circles in Europe and the United States.He is famous for his amazing creative talent,complex and changeable narrative style,and his courage to challenge the secular world,and has an extremely important position in the entire history of Portuguese and even Western literature.This paper takes the three key words "history,desire,power" as the narrative research object,analyzes the construction methods and artistic effects of historical narrative,desire narrative,and power narrative in novels.Thus,the deep connotation of "Portuguese national spirit" in Saramago’s novel creation and its deep concern for human destiny are explored.In addition to the introduction and conclusion,the main content of the paper is mainly divided into four chapters:The first chapter mainly analyzes the causes of Saramago’s novel writing characteristics.The tortuous history of the Portuguese nation from prosperity to decline and the author’s unique life experience have cultivated the fertile ideological soil of the author.The Portuguese nation’s open mind,lofty vision and pious feelings are also reflected in Saramago’s novels.In the face of the decline of the empire,Portuguese native literature showed a melancholy and nostalgic character.Saramago inherited the narrative tradition of Portuguese native literature,and constantly imitated and learned from the works of writers from other Western countries,and gradually formed his distinctive writing characteristics and unique writing style.The second chapter analyzes the content and strategy of historical narration in Saramago’s novels with the key words "documentary and fiction".Based on the analysis of relevant Portuguese historical documents,it is found that behind the fictional text of Saramago’s novels are real historical events,and the major events connected with the development of the text can be found in the historical books.However,the historical authenticity does not constrain Saramago’s talent in creation,he uses rich characters,twists and turns of the plot,magical expression and other ways to show the true nature of fiction.Saramago’s dual narrative perspective and narrative stance make it easy to realize the dual juxtaposion of documentary and fiction with the narrative strategy of the reflection of the narrative subject and the potential self,as well as the interweaving of personal narrative and grand narrative.The third chapter takes "Sinking and breaking away" as the core to analyze the content and strategy of the narrative of desire in Saramago’s works.This chapter mainly combines Deleuze’s theory of desire to analyze the sink and break away of desire described in Saramago’s novels.When the author depicts desire in his novels,his creative intention and creative practice often present a state of dislocation.On the one hand,Saramago takes the collapse of civilization as the narrative tone,makes blood and violence become the narrative background,and focuses on the generation and distortion of desire;On the one hand,in the desperate environment of suffering and collapse,warmth and redemption emerge several times,magnifying the brilliance of human nature,showing the swimming and multiple aspects of desire.Then,with desire as the core,two stories are narrated through the mouth of one character,connecting a vaguely visible narrative maze line.Finally,by erasing the names of the characters and using the symbolic narrative means that the commonness is hidden in the personality,the group problems in the society are exposed,so that the object of criticism in the novel is no longer limited to the individual,but faces the society and the world,and the ideological connotation of the novel is sublimated.The fourth chapter takes "blindness and restoration" as the starting point to analyze the content and strategy of power narration in Saramago’s works.This chapter mainly analyzes the oppression and resistance of power described in Saramago’s novels based on Foucault’s power theory.The oppression of power is invisible,but the resistance of power is visible.The author resists the violent rule and the authority of order with the care of others,the practical struggle and the awakening of self-consciousness,and constructs a "spiritual utopia" with the brilliance of human nature to give people hope by shaping several beautiful ideal characters.Then,the narrative strategy of deconstruction of time and separation of space,supplemented by jokes and irony,further dispels the sublimity of God and government power,helps people to find themselves,liberate the spiritual imprisonment,and seek freedom.更多还原