【作者】 陈悦；

【导师】 殷冬水；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 政治学理论， 2024， 硕士

【副题名】中国古代政治研究的王权主义范式分析

【摘要】 以刘泽华为核心的建构者所塑造的王权主义理论是中国古代政治研究的重要成果,具有先行性、系统性和示范性。本文借助范式理论的基本观点,试图分析王权主义范式的形成、内容、争论和价值。王权主义范式兴起于回应马克思主义中国史范式的理论危机和现代化的现实难题的过程。研究发现,在理论背景层面,王权主义范式在回应马克思主义中国史范式和历史学学科危机的过程中,突破了“唯阶级论”和“阶级斗争论”的话语桎梏,提出中国古代政治具有对经济的支配性作用的新论述,强调政治思想是中国古代政治的重要内容。在现实动力层面,王权主义范式形成了以推动现代化为核心的问题意识、启蒙主义的价值立场和批判反思的话语特征,强调现代化不仅是历史研究的重要现象,其同时构成了历史研究的现实目的。因此,在重新挖掘史实证据、更新研究方法的基础上,王权主义范式建构者凝练出王权主义的理论内核——王权支配社会。王权主义范式的主要内容是对“王权支配社会”的展开,包括对中国古代政治体系、社会结构与政治思想的分析,以及“在矛盾中陈述历史”的方法论主张。王权主义范式认为,在政治制度层面,君主专制下的中央集权是形成和维护王权至上的体制基础,其通过中央集权与皇帝专权相结合的方式维护王权的至高地位。在社会结构层面,权力依附塑造了维护王权至上的社会结构,政治权力不仅通过控制人身土地塑造等级制社会,还通过“士人-官僚-地主”生态圈控制社会流动。在思想文化层面,王权至上构成中国古代政治文化的主题。其中,“天、道、圣、王四合一”构成了维护王权的合法性资源,帝王“五独”构成了王权至上的核心观念,“君尊臣卑”构成了中国古代政治文化的主流,“阴阳组合结构”则成为中国古代政治思想的基本特征。王权主义范式在理论建构的过程中重视对研究取向和研究方法的提炼,将中国古代政治研究视为一种形成历史认识的过程,强调尊重历史事实是其基本原则,评定历史价值是其重要功能,并主张在思想史研究中贯彻基于历史事实解析政治思想的方法。王权主义范式在中国古代政治研究中仍然具有重要价值。王权主义范式丰富了中国政治研究的概念资源,其概念一方面具有鲜明的本土性,另一方面提供了分析中国古代政治的基本框架。王权主义范式提供了中国古代政治史的结构主线,一方面回应了政治史对于结构的核心关切,另一方面可以作为对政治结构的分析统合多种专门史研究。王权主义范式还更新了马克思主义中国史范式的解释机制,发展了作为其核心方法的阶级分析法,坚守了其研究的核心议题,赓续了其价值主张和研究取向。王权主义范式面临的理论争论主要来自于制度史研究、经济史和社会史研究以及“回向历史”的社会科学研究。在制度变迁上,王权主义范式缺乏对王权体制的发展过程与重大变革的关注,缺乏对于以君臣关系为核心的政治主体关系的变动的透视,缺乏对于财政制度为核心的基础性制度与作为根本制度的君主专制制度之间的关系的分析。在历史效应上,经济与社会史研究强调中国古代社会在王权体制的基础上实现了高度发展与繁荣,冲击了王权主义范式所持有的“长期停滞论”。在问题意识上,王权主义范式亟需进一步更新或明确其价值立场,回应关于中国古代政治经验的现代价值的不同主张。总之,王权主义范式作为本土理论建构的一次尝试,在社会科学知识体系自主化日趋重要的今天,仍具有先行地位和示范效应,其理论内涵和治学主张赋予了其实现理论更新的良好前景。更多还原

【Abstract】 The connection between the past and the present is a prominent feature of Chinese politics,and theoretical competition is the development trend of ancient Chinese political studies.The theory of monarchy,shaped by core figures like Liu Zehua,represents a significant achievement in the study of ancient Chinese politics.This paper,employing the basic viewpoints of paradigm theory,regards monarchism as a theoretical paradigm of ancient Chinese political studies,aiming to analyze its formation,content,debates,and value.The emergence of monarchism as a paradigm responds to the theoretical crisis of Marxist paradigms in Chinese history and the practical challenges of modernization.Research reveals that,theoretically,monarchism breaks through the discursive constraints of "class determinism" and "class struggle" in response to the crisis of Marxist paradigms in Chinese history and the crisis of the discipline of history,proposing a new discourse that emphasizes the dominant role of politics over the economy in ancient China and highlighting political thought as a significant aspect of ancient Chinese politics.In terms of practical dynamics,monarchism forms a problem consciousness centered on promoting modernization,an Enlightenment value stance,and a critical reflective discourse characteristic,emphasizing that modernization is not only an important phenomenon of historical research but also constitutes the practical purpose of historical research.Therefore,on the basis of re-excavating historical evidence and updating research methods,the constructors of the monarchism paradigm distill the theoretical core of monarchism as the dominance of the monarchy over society.The main contents of the monarchism paradigm include the analysis of the political system,social structure,and ideological culture that formed and maintained the supremacy of ancient Chinese monarchy,as well as the research proposition of "stating history within contradictions." The monarchism paradigm believes that,at the level of political institutions,centralized authoritarianism under monarchic rule is the institutional basis for the formation and maintenance of monarchic supremacy,which maintains the supreme status of the monarchy through the combination of centralized authority and imperial despotism.At the level of social structure,power dependence shapes the social structure that upholds monarchic supremacy,and political power not only shapes a hierarchical society through controlling landownership but also controls social mobility through the "scholar-officiallandlord" ecosystem.At the level of ideological culture,monarchic supremacy constitutes the theme of ancient Chinese political culture.Among them,the integration of "Heaven,Dao,Sage,and King" constitutes the legitimacy resource that upholds monarchic supremacy,the emperor’s "Five Uniques" constitute the core concept of monarchic supremacy,"the Emperor is honored,ministers are humble" constitutes the mainstream of ancient Chinese political culture,and the "yin-yang composite structure" becomes the basic characteristic of ancient Chinese political thought.In the process of establishing theoretical structure,the monarchism paradigm always emphasizes the refinement of research orientation and methods.It regards the study of ancient Chinese politics as a process of forming historical understanding,emphasizes the respect for historical facts as its basic principle,evaluates historical value as its important function,and advocates for the method of analyzing political thoughts based on historical facts in the study of intellectual history.The monarchism paradigm still holds significant value in the study of ancient Chinese politics.It enriches the conceptual resources of Chinese political research,with its concepts having both distinct indigenous characteristics and providing basic dimensions for analyzing ancient Chinese politics.The monarchism paradigm provides the main thread of ancient Chinese political history,on one hand responding to the core concern of political history about structure,and on the other hand serving as an analysis and integration of various specialized historical studies on political structure.The monarchism paradigm also updates the explanatory mechanism of Marxist paradigms in Chinese history,develops the class analysis method as its core method,adheres to its core issues of study,and continues its value propositions and research orientations.The theoretical debates faced by the monarchism paradigm mainly come from institutional history research,economic history,social history research,and social science research that "returns to history." In terms of institutional changes,the monarchism paradigm lacks attention to the development process and major changes of the monarchical system,insufficient analysis of changes in political subject relations centered on the rulersubject relationship,and inadequate analysis of the relationship between foundational institutions such as fiscal systems and the fundamental institution of monarchical authoritarianism.In terms of historical effects,economic and social history research emphasizes that ancient Chinese society achieved development and prosperity on the basis of the monarchical system,exposing the ideological presuppositions within the "long-term stagnation theory" held by the monarchism paradigm.In terms of problem consciousness,the monarchism paradigm urgently needs to further update or clarify its value stance and respond to different viewpoints on the modern value of ancient Chinese political experience.As an attempt at indigenous theoretical construction,the monarchism paradigm,in the increasingly important context of the autonomous development of the social science knowledge system,still holds a pioneering position and demonstration effect,with its theoretical character and scholarly propositions providing a good prospect for theoretical renewal.更多还原