【作者】 张静；

【导师】 王激清； 杨俊刚；

【作者基本信息】 河北北方学院 ， 农业硕士（专业学位）， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 为增加冀西北坝上地区生菜产量,改善生菜品质,提高土壤肥力,需进行不同肥料配施技术研究。本试验以生菜“射手101”为试验材料,在张家口市沽源县裕农试验基地,通过田间小区试验,采用随机区组设计,进行了不同施肥处理对生菜产量、品质以及土壤性质的影响研究。试验设5个处理,包括不施肥处理、单施化肥处理、单施有机肥处理、有机肥+减量20%化肥处理、有机肥+减量20%化肥+微生物菌剂处理,得到研究结果如下。(1)与单施化肥、单施有机肥、有机肥+减量20%化肥处理相比,有机肥+减量20%化肥+微生物菌剂处理在2021年和2022年均显著提高生菜的株高、最大叶面积和叶片的叶绿素含量(SPAD值)。同时增产效果更为显著,2021年生菜产量可达58.96 t/hm~2;2022年生菜产量可达61.80 t/hm~2,并且2022年比2021年产量提高4.80%。(2)与单施化肥、单施有机肥、有机肥+减量20%化肥处理相比,有机肥+减量20%化肥+微生物菌剂处理在2021年和2022年均能显著提高生菜的VC含量、可溶性糖含量,同时此处理生菜的硝酸盐含量最低,2021年和2022年分别为382.75mg/kg、369.07 mg/kg,因此有机肥+减量20%化肥+微生物菌剂处理对生菜品质的改善效果最为显著。(3)与单施化肥、单施有机肥、有机肥+减量20%化肥处理相比,有机肥+减量20%化肥+微生物菌剂处理可明显的提高0-20 cm土壤的速效磷、速效钾、有机质、硝态氮含量及土壤的p H值和EC值。在生菜收获后,各施肥处理都是随着土层的加深硝态氮含量逐渐降低,但单施化肥处理在40-60 cm土层有一个显著的淋溶累积峰,存在淋溶风险。同时有机肥+减量20%化肥+微生物菌剂处理由于减量施用化肥和配施有机肥及微生物菌剂可以提高0-40 cm土层中硝态氮累积量,更有利用硝态氮保持在生菜的根层,减少向下淋洗污染环境的风险,而单施化肥处理由于单施化肥则增加了40-100 cm土层中硝态氮累积量,加大了硝态氮淋洗进入土壤深层污染环境的风险。(4)和其它处理相比,有机肥+减量20%化肥+微生物菌剂处理在生菜上施用后土壤中的细菌数量明显提高,真菌数量明显降低,更有利于土壤微生物环境的稳定,也更有利于生菜的生长发育。综合分析本试验条件下不同施肥处理对生菜产量、品质和土壤性质的影响可得到,有机肥+减量20%化肥+微生物菌剂施肥处理能够实现生菜高产优质,改善土壤性质,更有利于硝态氮保持在生菜的根层,减少向下淋洗污染环境的风险,为冀西北坝上地区生菜种植区最适宜的施肥方式。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to increase lettuce yield,improve lettuce quality and soil fertility in Bashang area of northwest Hebei Province,it is necessary to study different fertilizer application techniques.fertilization treatments on the yield,quality and soil properties of lettuce"sheshou 101"were studied in Yunong experimental Base,Guyuan County,Zhangjiakou City through field plot experiment and random block design.Five treatments were set up in the experiment,including no fertilization treatment,single application of chemical fertilizer,single application of organic fertilizer,Organic fertilizer+20%reduction of chemical fertilizer treatment,organic fertilizer+20%reduction of chemical fertilizer+microbial agent treatment.The research results are as follows.（1）Compared with single application of chemical fertilizer,single application of organic fertilizer,organic fertilizer+20%reduction fertilizer treatment,organic fertilizer+20%reduction of chemical fertilizer+microbial agent treatment significantly increased plant height,maximum leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content（SPAD value）of lettuce in 2021 and 2022.At the same time,the yield of lettuce could reach 58.96 t/hm²in 2021.The yield of lettuce in 2022 would reach 61.80 t/hm²,and the yield in 2022 was4.80%higher than that in 2021.（2）Compared with single application of chemical fertilizer,single application of organic fertilizer,organic fertilizer+20%reduced fertilizer treatment,organic fertilizer+20%reduction of chemical fertilizer+microbial agent treatment could significantly increase the VC content and soluble sugar content of lettuce in 2021 and2022,and the nitrate content of lettuce under this treatment was the lowest,nomely382.75 mg/kg in 2021 and 369.07 mg/kg in 2022.Therefore,organic fertilizer+20%reduction fertilizer+microbial agent treatment had the most significant improvement effect on lettuce quality.（3）Compared with single application of chemical fertilizer,single application of organic fertilizer,organic fertilizer+20%reduced fertilizer treatment,organic fertilizer+20%reduction of chemical fertilizer+microbial agent treatment could significantly increase the content of available phosphorus,available potassium,organic matter,N0₃^--N content and soil p H,and EC values in 0-20 cm soil layer.After lettuce harvested,N0₃^--N content decreased gradually with the deepening of soil layer in each fertilization treatment,but there was a significant leaching accumulation peak in 40-60cm soil layer in the treatment of single fertilizer,and there was a risk of leaching.At the same time,organic fertilizer+20%reduction of chemical fertilizer+microbial agent treatment Reduced application of chemical fertilizer and combined application of organic fertilizer and microbial agent could improve the accumulation of N0₃^--N in 0-40cm soil layer,more effectively maintain N0₃^--N in the root layer of lettuce,and reduce the risk of environmental pollution caused by leaching.However,the single application of chemical fertilizer increased the accumulation of N0₃^--N in the 40-100 cm soil layer,which increased the risk of leaching N0₃^--N into the deep soil and polluted the environment.（4）Compared with other treatments,the number of bacteria in the soil after the application of organic fertilizer+20%chemical fertilizer+microbial agent treatment on lettuce was significantly increased,and the number of fungi was significantly reduced,which was more conducive to the stability of the soil microbial environment and the growth and development of lettuce.A comprehensive analysis of the effects of different fertilization treatments on the yield,quality and soil properties of lettuce under the conditions of this experiment could be obtained.The fertilization treatment of organic fertilizer+20%reduction of chemical fertilizer+microbial agent treatment could achieve high yield and quality of lettuce,improve soil properties,more conducive to the retention of N0₃^--N in the root layer of lettuce and reduced the risk of environmental pollution caused by leaching.It is the most suitable fertilization method for lettuce in Bashang area of northwest Hebei Province.更多还原