论国家公园内“原住居民”的概念

【作者】 赵群；

【导师】 舒旻；

【作者基本信息】 昆明理工大学 ， 法律法学（专业学位）， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 随着党的二十大报告出“推进以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系建设”的新要求新任务,与国家公园和自然保护密切相关的法律问题应该被及时、准确、合理地解决。相比较于更早建设国家公园的国家,我国目前对国家公园内“原住居民”的定义尚不明确,这不利于保护“原住居民”的合法权益。本文研究国家公园内“原住居民”的概念,解读相关政策文件,以海南热带雨林国家公园为例,分析“原住居民”的生活方式和文化习俗的特点特征,对国家公园内“原住居民”的类型进行总结归纳,出对不同类型的“原住居民”应当实行不同的政策这一观点,并给出建设性意见。本文运用了实地调查法、文献研究法、比较分析法、案例分析法和归纳演绎法,认为“原住居民”是国家公园内资源环境的本能利用人和国家公园内世代居住的人概念的交集,他们通常具有高度的土地依赖性和独特的文化传承。确定“原住居民”的定义后,《建立国家公园体制总体方案》中到的“差别化管理方式”才有了执法依据,“生态保护补偿制度”才有了补偿的标准。此外,为了保护生态环境而制定的严格保护管理制度,在国家公园内部有了更明确的实施目标。差别化管理具体体现在保护等级上:核心保护区中,只有环境资源的本能利用行为人才可以保留;一般控制区中,可以在生态环境的承受范围内为原住民生产生活设施改造和自然观光、科研、教育、旅游这五类建设进行自然资源开发利用。对不符合保留保护的原住居民实施生态移民搬迁或实行相对集中居住,集体土地可通过合作协议等方式实现统一有效管理。考虑到原住居民们对国家公园内生活环境的依恋,引导、吸纳他们参与国家公园的管理建设不失成为一个两全其美的良策。因此,各地的国家公园管理局都在尽可能多地为原住居民供生态公益型岗位,同时创造多样化的产业经济。我国应重点厘清国家公园内“原住居民”的概念,更精准地实施“原住居民”相关的政策,以更好地发挥国家公园对保护自然生态和赓续文化传承的积极作用。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the report of the 20 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China putting forward the new requirements and new tasks of "promoting the construction of the nature reserve system with national parks as the main body",legal issues closely related to national parks and nature conservation should be solved in a timely,accurate and reasonable manner.Compared with countries that built national parks earlier,China’s current definition of "indigenous residents" in national parks is not clear,which is not conducive to protecting the legitimate rights and interests of "indigenous people".This essay studies the concept of "indigenous people" in national parks,interprets relevant policy documents,takes Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park as an example,analyzes the characteristics of the lifestyle and cultural customs of "indigenous people",summarizes the types of "indigenous people" in national parks,puts forward the view that different types of "indigenous people" should implement different policies,and gives constructive suggestions.This essay uses the field investigation method,literature research method,comparative analysis method,case analysis method and inductive deduction method,and argues that "indigenous people" are the intersection of the concept of instinctive users of resources and environment in national parks and people who have lived in national parks for generations,and they usually have a high degree of land dependence and unique cultural inheritance.After the definition of "indigenous people" is determined,the "differentiated management methods" mentioned in the "Overall Plan for the Establishment of the National Park System" have a basis for law enforcement,and the "ecological protection compensation system" has a compensation standard.In addition,the strict protection and management system formulated to protect the ecological environment has clearer implementation goals within the national park.Differentiated management methods are reflected in the level of protection: in the core protected areas,only the instinctive use of environmental resources can be retained;In the general control area,the development and utilization of natural resources can be carried out for the transformation of indigenous people’s production and living facilities and the construction of natural tourism,scientific research,education and tourism within the tolerance of the ecological environment.For the relocation of indigenous residents who do not meet the protection of reservations,or the implementation of relatively concentrated residence,collective land can be managed uniformly and effectively through cooperation agreements and other means.Considering the attachment of indigenous people to the living environment in the national park,guiding and absorbing them to participate in the management and construction of the national park is a good strategy for the best of both worlds.Therefore,national park services everywhere are providing as many ecological public welfare jobs as possible for indigenous people,while creating a diversified industrial economy.China should focus on clarifying the concept of "indigenous people" in national parks,and more accurately implement policies related to "indigenous people",so as to better play the positive role of national parks in protecting natural ecology and continuing cultural inheritance.更多还原