【作者】 何婧；

【导师】 郑鹏程；

【作者基本信息】 湖南大学 ， 法学， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 “民以食为天”是我国古代统治者对粮食重要性的总结。2022年,中央一号文件再次提及“保障粮食安全”,并将粮食安全保障与乡村振兴战略相结合。当前国际形势变幻莫测,在新冠疫情,地区冲突的影响下,全球粮食供应形势扑朔迷离。在这种形势下,通过法律制度确保中国的粮食安全非常重要。我国对于粮食安全的认识是随着时代发展不断变化的,从过去跟随世界粮农组织给出的粮食安全定义,到如今提出“谷物基本自给、口粮绝对安全”的新时代粮食安全要求,制定了“以我为主,立足国内,确保产能、适度进口、科技支撑”的粮食安全发展战略,对中国的粮食安全体系进行了相应的调整。但是,一直以来我国对于粮食安全的保障都以行政手段调控为主,显然,食物安全的法律保障并不足够。在粮食安全方面缺乏法律的规制,有关粮食安全的法条散落在不同部门、不同层级的法律文件之中,难以形成合力。由于缺乏一部统一的粮食安全基本法,对于粮食安全所涉及的各个方面,全国各地未能形成统一认识,保障粮食安全的制度体系也因此缺乏全国性的统一布局。因此,改善我们的粮食安全法律,首先是通过食物安全基本法,改变粮食安全立法群龙无首的情况,明确新时代背景下粮食安全概念的具体内涵,具体是从粮食数量、质量、消费三个内容的安全进行构建。在粮食数量安全的保障上,重点完善耕地保护制度,既保耕地数量又保耕地质量,同时通过各种方式增加种粮收益、提高种粮积极性,消除“地”和“人”两个因素对粮食产量的制约作用;在质量安全的强化上,注重完善质量安全监管机制,提高粮食检测检验设备的普及率;在粮食价格调控机制上,应当形成以市场调节为主,宏观调控为辅的价格机制,以国内粮食名义价格保护率作为价格调控的参照指标,以其对国内外粮食价格联动效应的门限值作为重要依据,逐渐引导粮价向市场调节价回归。此外,还必须建立健全粮食安全预警机制,从而实现“藏粮于库”向“藏粮于地”、“藏粮于技”的转换,切实提高我国粮食安全风险防范能力。最后,必须完善粮食安全责任制度,对于当前立法有所遗漏的基本农田保护责任进行细化,要求各级人民政府定期开展耕地种粮情况监测,压实粮食安全责任。更多还原

【Abstract】 "Food is the first necessity of the people" is an accurate summary of the importance of food by the ancient rulers of our country.In 2022,the No.1 Central Document once again mentioned "guaranteeing food security" and combined food security with the rural revitalization strategy.Under the influence of the coronavirus and regional conflicts,the global supply situation of food is complicated and confusing.In this context,it is of great significance to ensure our country’s food security by law.Our country’s understanding of food security has been constantly changing with the development of the times.In the past,we followed the definition given by the FAO.Now the central leadership has introduced a food security policy of "ensuring basic self-sufficiency of grain and absolute security of staple food".The Chinese government has established a national strategy on food security featuring self-sufficiency based on domestic grain production,guaranteed food production capacity,moderate imports,and technological support,our country’s food security regulation has also been adjusted accordingly.But for a long time,our country’s guarantee of food security has been mainly controlled by administrative means,and the legal guarantee of food security is obviously insufficient.The field of food security lacks the guidance of the Basic Law,and laws and regulations related to food security are scattered in legal documents of different departments and at different levels,making it difficult to form a synergy.Due to the lack of a unified basic law on food security,there has not been a unified understanding of all aspects of food security across the country,and the institutional system for ensuring food security also lacks a unified national layout.Therefore,in order to improve our country’s food security legislation,we should first formulate the basic law in the field of food security,change the situation of no leader in food security legislation,clarify the specific connotation of the concept of food security in the context of the new era,and focus on the system design of "grain quantity safety,quality safety,and consumption safety".In terms of ensuring the security of grain quantity,focus on improving the cultivated land protection system,which not only protects the quantity and quality of cultivated land,but also increases the income of grain cultivation and the enthusiasm for grain cultivation in various ways,eliminating the two factors "land" and "people" that restricting grain output;in the strengthening of quality safety,of food,we should focus on improving the quality and safety supervision mechanism,and increasing the penetration rate of grain testing and inspection equipment;in the food pricing mechanism,a price mechanism should be formed with market regulation as the mainstay and macro regulation as the supplement.Taking the nominal price protection rate of domestic grains as a reference index for price regulation and the threshold value of the linkage effect on domestic and foreign grain prices as an important reference,gradually guide grain prices to return to market-regulated prices.In addition to the above aspects,it is also necessary to establish and improve the food security early warning mechanism,so as to realize the strategy of sustainable farmland use and innovative application of agricultural technology to increase farmland productivity.Finally,the responsibility system for food security must be improved,and the basic farmland protection responsibilities which are currently insufficient in the current legislation must be refined,and the people’s governments at all levels are required to regularly monitor the situation of arable land for grain cultivation to consolidate the responsibility for food security.更多还原