【作者】 王宁；

【导师】 张钦；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 伦理学， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 作为唯意志主义的代表,叔本华从意志本体论出发,动摇理性主义的绝对权威,依靠人的内在情感,借助直观经验的方法,确立了同情的道德基础地位。19世纪之后,在叔本华的影响下,同情伦理思想得到进一步的发展,叔本华成为同情伦理学的重要代表人物。论文第一部分梳理了不同思想家的同情理论,分析了叔本华同情论的理论来源和哲学前提。在18、19世纪,西方思想家们关注人类情感体验,并对其与道德的关系产生了极大兴趣。在对人的情感研究中,以休谟、亚当·斯密、卢梭为代表的思想家都极为重视同情的作用。其中,休谟认为同情是一种心理机制,斯密认为公正的旁观者能够借助同情对他人进行合宜公正的道德评价。卢梭认为同情是指狭义上的怜悯,是对他人不幸的同情。叔本华与卢梭的见解相近,主张同情指向他人的痛苦,尽力帮助他人避免痛苦并获得幸福。叔本华从哲学高度,为其理论寻找本体层次的支撑。叔本华以意志本体作为世界的本质,他认为世界万物都受同一意志所支配,服从意志的安排。人类这个特殊的意志客体能够用感觉和经验来体会他人的感受,并形成相同的情感认识。叔本华对意志本体论和直观认识论的论证,为他的同情论提供了哲学依据。论文第二部分以叔本华的文本为依据,阐述了叔本华同情论的基本内容。叔本华的同情概念针对人类痛苦的单一属性,同情对象不仅仅局限于人类,也包括人和动物在内的一切有生命之物。此外,叔本华强调同情不单纯地是人们之间的一种情感共享与共鸣,而是能够促使人类产生道德行为的催化剂。在叔本华看来,作为人类行为动机之一的同情是对人类行为进行道德评价和道德判断的依据和标准,是人类产生道德行为的唯一根源。叔本华依据洞穿个体化原则和人类痛苦的本质论证了同情的形而上学基础。同情的道德动机可以促使人们产生道德行为,在第一阶段中能够产生公正的美德,在第二阶段中产生仁爱的美德。人类三种动机的组合比例决定了个体道德性格的差异。当源于同情动机时,人们生成的行为活动和价值趋向更具利他性的道德价值,更能够切实关心他人乃至动物的权益与幸福。论文第三部分对叔本华同情论进行客观评述,通过对叔本华同情论的分析,总结叔本华同情论的特征。叔本华同情论存在矛盾之处,纯粹的利他主义如何真正存活于复杂的社会交往之中,成为叔本华同情理论的未解之谜。此外,叔本华否定理性在人类道德行为发生中的价值,表现出某种偏激性。但总体看来,叔本华拓展了情感主义伦理学的同情论,引发了尼采对同情问题的辩驳,也成为现象学伦理学亟需予以回应的对象。他的同情论对当代社会伦理道德建设有一定的借鉴意义,它启示我们在社会伦理道德建设中,重视道德情感的力量,要通过激发道德情感来遏制道德冷漠现象,通过奖励机制激励人们的道德动机。因此对叔本华同情论的研究不仅具有重要的理论意义,也有重要的实践价值。更多还原

【Abstract】 As the representative of voluntarism,Schopenhauer started from the ontology of will,shook the absolute authority of rationalism,and established the moral foundation of sympathy by means of intuitive experience,relying on the inner emotions of human beings.After the 19 th century,under the influence of Schopenhauer,the thought of compassion ethics was further developed,and Schopenhauer became an important representative of compassion ethics.The first part of the thesis combs the sympathy theory of different thinkers and analyzes the theoretical source and philosophical premise of Schopenhauer’s sympathy theory.In the 18 th and 19 th centuries,Western thinkers paid attention to human emotional experience,and became very interested in its relationship with morality.In the study of human emotion,the thinkers represented by Hume,Adam Smith and Rousseau all attached great importance to the role of sympathy.Among them,Hume believed that sympathy was a psychological mechanism,and Smith believed that impartial bystanders could make appropriate and impartial moral evaluation of others with the help of sympathy.Rousseau believed that compassion is compassion in a narrow sense,which is sympathy for the misfortune of others.Similar to Rousseau,Schopenhauer advocated compassion for the suffering of others,trying to help others avoid suffering and achieve happiness.Schopenhauer sought ontological support for his theory from a philosophical height.Schopenhauer took the ontology of will as the essence of the world.He believed that all things in the world were governed by the same will and subject to the arrangement of the will.The special object of human will can use feeling and experience to understand the feelings of others,and form the same emotional understanding.Schopenhauer’s argumentation on the ontology of will and the epistemology of intuition provided philosophical basis for his theory of compassion.The second part of the thesis is based on Schopenhauer’s text,which expounds the basic content of Schopenhauer’s theory of sympathy.Schopenhauer’s concept of compassion aims at the single attribute of human suffering.The object of sympathy is not only limited to human beings,but also includes all living things including human beings and animals.In addition,Schopenhauer emphasized that compassion is not simply a kind of emotional sharing and resonance between people,but a catalyst that can promote human moral behavior.In Schopenhauer’s view,sympathy,as one of the motives of human behavior,is the basis and standard for moral evaluation and judgment of human behavior,and the only source of human moral behavior.Schopenhauer demonstrated the metaphysical basis of sympathy by penetrating into the principle of individualization and the nature of human suffering.The moral motive of compassion can prompt people to produce moral behavior,which can produce the virtue of justice in the first stage and the virtue of kindness in the second stage.The combination ratio of three kinds of human motivation determines the difference of individual moral character.When motivated by compassion,the behaviors and values generated by people tend to be more altruistic moral values,and they are more able to care about the rights and happiness of others and even animals.The third part of the thesis makes an objective comment on Schopenhauer’s theory of compassion,and summarizes the characteristics of Schopenhauer’s theory of compassion through the analysis of Schopenhauer’s theory of compassion.There are contradictions in Schopenhauer’s theory of compassion.How pure altruism really survives in complex social interactions has become an unsolved mystery of Schopenhauer’s theory of compassion.In addition,Schopenhauer denied the value of reason in the occurrence of human moral behavior,showing a certain extreme.But in general,Schopenhauer expanded the sympathy theory of emotionalism ethics,triggered Nietzsche’s rebutted question of sympathy,and also became the object that phenomenological ethics needs to respond to.His sympathy theory has certain reference significance for the construction of contemporary social ethics and morals.It enlightens us that in the construction of social ethics and morals,we should attach importance to the power of moral emotion,curb the phenomenon of moral apathy by stimulating moral emotion,and stimulate people’s moral motivation through reward mechanism.Therefore,the study of Schopenhauer’s theory of compassion has not only important theoretical significance,but also important practical value.更多还原