【作者】 王冰；

【导师】 苏庆富；

【作者基本信息】 哈尔滨工程大学 ， 体育教育训练学， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 我国中学生体质健康水平和走、跑、跳、投等基本运动技能掌握水平与欧美、日韩等国相比,情况不容乐观。6～17岁儿童青少年超重、肥胖率高达19%、近视率世界第一,九年义务教育中的体育教学没有做到使学生熟练掌握一项运动技能,学生缺乏最基础的运动训练,走、跑、跳、投等田径基本技术姿势错误、运动协调性差的现象普遍存在,而初中阶段是学生形成正确走、跑、跳、投技术动作的关键时期。田径教学在提升学生体质健康和掌握基本运动技能方面有不可替代的作用和价值,研究初级中学田径教学是否按《体育与健康课程标准》做到充分落实具有很强的现实意义。论文采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、访谈法、实地考察法、数理统计法,以哈尔滨市10所初级中学体育教师和学生作为调查对象,从体育师资结构、体育教师对《体育与健康课程标准》及有关田径内容的认知情况、田径教学的基本情况、场地器材配置、课外田径活动与竞赛、教学中存在的普遍问题、学生对田径的认知情况七个方面进行全面的调查研究,研究结论如下:1.哈尔滨市初中体育教师大部分为师范类、体育类院校毕业,本科学历占比79.03%,硕士以上高学历教师相对较少;田径专项教师占比27.42%;男教师与女教师的比例为5:1,平均年龄为38岁,平均教龄为10年;职称结构以中教一级和中教二级为主,职称结构较合理;运动等级以国家二级为主,一级及以上等级的教师较少。2.所调查的学校大部分按照《体育与健康课程标准》展开教学,但没有根据总体要求,结合学校学生实际情况制定相应的教学大纲,在具体实施中,缺乏针对性和具体的教学标准;大部分教师对《体育与健康课程标准》基本了解,参加《体育与健康课程标准》的培训不足,没有充分掌握《体育与健康课程标准》的内容,不能有效地落实到教学实践中。3.体育课以行政班组织形式授课,存在被占用的现象;教学内容主要以中考体育项目为主,大部分教师进行田径基本运动技能和专项运动技能教学时间为10分钟以内,体能练习多以田径类运动为主;在新冠疫情期间,线上体育课主要以体育健康知识和跟随视频跳操为主;教学评价缺乏对学生进步幅度、非智力因素的评价,缺少学生自评和互评等评价方式。4.田径教学受限于田径场规模、体育场馆和器材数量不足,多数达不到国家规定的标准,阻碍了《体育与健康课程标准》的实施,严重影响了田径教学的开展。5.哈尔滨市初级中学的体育氛围有待提升,多数学校对田径运动和运动会重要性的认识不足;学生大课间活动缺乏主动性,超过一半的学校没有组织课外体育锻炼活动。6.学生对田径项目练习较多的是中长跑、短跑,参与较多的为接力跑、跳绳、跳远、掷实心球;学生参与田径运动的动机主要是为体育中考做准备和上课需要,真正具备想认真学习掌握田径技术、培养兴趣爱好、锻炼身体的学生很少。7.通过补足补齐补优体育教师队伍,提升教师综合能力;全面贯彻执行《体育与健康课程标准》相关目标要求;改进教学方式方法、增加田径学习内容;重视并有效组织大课间及课外体育活动;增加体育经费投入、改善田径场地设施建设等途径推动初中田径教学更好的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 The physical fitness level of our secondary school students and the level of mastery of basic athletic skills such as walking,running,jumping and throwing are not optimistic compared to those in Europe,America,Japan and Korea.Students lack the most basic athletic training,walking,running,jumping,throwing and other basic athletic postures are wrong,poor coordination of movement is common,and junior high school is the key period for students to form the correct walking,running,jumping and throwing technical movements.The teaching of athletics has an irreplaceable role and value in improving students’ physical health and mastering basic motor skills.It is of great practical significance to study whether the teaching of athletics in junior secondary schools is fully implemented in accordance with the Physical Education and Health Curriculum Standards.This paper adopts the method of literature,questionnaire,interview,field investigation and mathematical statistics,and takes the physical education teachers and students of 10 junior middle schools in Harbin City as the investigation objects.A comprehensive investigation and research was conducted from seven aspects:the structure of PE teachers,PE teachers’ cognition of "PE and Health Curriculum Standards" and related track and field content,basic information of track and field teaching,equipment configuration,extracurricular track and field activities and competitions,common problems in teaching,and students’ cognition of track and field.The research conclusions are as follows:1.The majority of junior high school physical education teachers in Harbin are graduates of teacher training and physical education colleges,with 79.03%having a bachelor’s degree and relatively few teachers with a master’s degree or higher;27.42%are special athletics teachers;the ratio of male teachers to female teachers is 5:1,with an average age of 38 and an average teaching experience of 10 years;the structure of titles is mainly secondary education level 1 and secondary education level 2,with a more reasonable title structure;athletic Grade is mainly National Grade 2,with fewer teachers at Grade 1 and above.2.Most of the schools surveyed teach in accordance with the Physical Education and Health Curriculum Standards,but they have not formulated the corresponding syllabus according to the general requirements,taking into account the actual situation of the students in the schools,and in the specific implementation,they lack relevance and specific teaching standards;most of the teachers have a basic understanding of the Physical Education and Health Curriculum Standards,have not participated in sufficient training on the Physical Education and Health Curriculum Standards,and have not fully grasped the and Health Curriculum Standards and cannot effectively implement them into their teaching practice.3.Physical education is taught in the form of administrative class organization,which is occupied.The teaching content is mainly based on sports items in high school entrance examination.Most teachers teach basic athletic skills and special athletic skills of track and field within 10 minutes,and physical exercises mainly focus on track and field sports.During the new crown outbreak,online physical education classes mainly focused on physical health knowledge and video jump exercises.Teaching evaluation lacks the evaluation of students’progress range,non-intelligence factors,and the evaluation methods of students’ self-evaluation and mutual evaluation.4.The teaching of track and field is limited by the size of the track field,the insufficient number of stadiums and equipment,most of which cannot reach the national standards,which hinders the implementation of the Curriculum Standards of Physical Education and Health,and seriously affects the development of track and field teaching.5.The sports atmosphere of Harbin junior high school needs to be improved.Most schools have insufficient understanding of track and field sports and the importance of sports meeting.Students lack initiative in recess activities,and more than half of schools do not organize extracurricular sports activities.6.In track and field,students practice more middle distance running and sprint,and participate more in relay running,rope skipping,long jump and throwing solid ball.The motivation of students to participate in track and field sports is mainly to prepare for the physical education examination and class needs.Few students really have the desire to seriously learn and master track and field technology,develop interests and hobbies,and exercise.7.Improve the comprehensive ability of teachers by complementing and perfecting the PE teachers;Comprehensively carry out the relevant objectives and requirements of "Physical Education and Health Curriculum Standards";Improve the teaching methods,increase the learning content of track and field;Pay attention to and effectively organize big recess and extracurricular sports activities;Increasing the investment of sports funds,improving the construction of track and field facilities and other ways to promote the better development of junior high school track and field teaching.更多还原