【作者】 李佳；

【导师】 陶涛；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 宪法学与行政法学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 大数据时代来临,数据资源已经成为国家重要的生产和战略资源。公民基本权利深受大数据和算法影响。大数据和算法建构起新型法权关系,新的法律主体和法律客体涌现,新的法律关系不断形成。私权力兴起,传统的“权力-权利”结构被解析和重构,国家权力和个人权利之间的二元关系需要被重新审视。大数据加速社会转型,也加大了国家数据安全风险,带来了个人隐私权、知情权等基本权利受侵害的隐忧。从当前的立法情况来看,我国尚未建立完整有效的数据法律体系,其中数据安全、数据确权、数据垄断、数据侵权责任追究问题亟待解决。目前,法学的多个子学科从不同角度对大数据和人工智能展开研究,形成了一定研究成果。个人数据平等权保护的需求推动法学学科研究体系的健全和研究内容的丰富,算法歧视的法律问题是其中的研究内容之一。从宪法和伦理视角来看,算法歧视侵犯了宪法保障的公民基本权利,挑战了伦理道德底线;从国家发展战略来看,我国政府拥有最丰富的数据资源,为回应提升数据质量和数据安全的要求,更需要树立规范处理数据的意识并落实到行动中去,以维护国家安全、发展社会经济和维护社会稳定;从大数据与法学交叉学科的研究意义来看,研究算法歧视问题既有利于完善现行的法律框架,又有利于互联网企业平台、政府部门、算法设计者以及社会公众了解算法歧视的危害,对于平等权保护模式的更新、数字弱势群体的权利保护也具有积极意义。前期研究基础提供了一定的资料和理论支撑:一是结合新冠肺炎疫情下大数据应用的情况,研究大数据应用的运行逻辑、法律问题和规制思路;二是以大数据时代对公民基本权利保护的挑战为主题,以消费者隐私权为研究对象,通过协调和组织课题分工、课题申报书撰写、小组讨论、专家咨询、撰写论文等工作,对大数据时代的数据处理、数据分析、数据应用有了系统的了解,对个人数据权利保护面临的具体挑战有了初步的认识。本文的基本研究思路为:结合大数据时代背景,分析、总结最新的研究成果,吸收和借鉴国外研究经验,为算法歧视的法律问题研究提供学理支撑。通过研究得出:大数据资源对于个人和国家的意义重大,但是以大数据和算法为核心的新技术运作对个人数据平等权保护提出了挑战。在收集、分类、处理数据和运用数据辅助算法决策的过程当中,为了满足算法服务接受者或者其他组织、个人的需要,依照算法设计者有意或者无意的主观歧视意图,在不同领域产生的直接或者间接的歧视行为与歧视结果。基于算法歧视的普遍性、隐蔽性和系统性特征,结合算法歧视的具体应用场景,探究算法歧视的形成原因。借鉴国外有参考价值的立法和实践经验,基于法律规制的逻辑路径,得出算法歧视的法律规制路径可从他律和自律结合、多元主体共同治理、加强市场监管等多个途径展开。从关键的算法主体的视角出发,我国算法歧视的法律规制从算法工程师、政府、平台和公众四个主体展开,提出要注重技术人员的伦理教育培训、加大有关政府部门的监管力度、建立起对平台的算法问责机制、完善公众参与算法监督的渠道。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the advent of the era of big data,data resources have become an important national production and strategic resources.Citizens’ fundamental rights are influenced by big data and algorithms.Big data and algorithms construct a new legal relationship,new legal subjects and legal objects emerge,and new legal relationships are formed.With the rise of private power,the traditional "power-right" structure is analyzed and reconstructed,and the binary relationship between state power and individual rights needs to be re-examined.Big data accelerates the social transformation,but also increases the national data security risks,bringing the individual’s right to privacy,the right to know and other basic rights are violated.From the current legislative situation,China has not yet established a complete and effective data legal system,in which data security,Data rights confirmation,data monopoly,data tort liability investigation problems need to be solved urgently.At present,many sub-disciplines of law have carried out research on big data and artificial intelligence from different angles,and formed some research results.The need to protect the equal right of personal data promotes the soundness of the research system of legal disciplines and the enrichment of research content,and the legal problem of algorithmic discrimination is one of the research contents.From the perspective of constitution and ethics,algorithmic discrimination violates the basic rights of citizens guaranteed by the constitution and challenges the bottom line of ethics and morality.From the perspective of national development strategy,our government has the richest data resources,and in order to respond to the request to improve data quality and data security,it is more necessary to establish the consciousness of standardized processing of data and put it into action in order to safeguard national security,develop social economy and maintain social stability.From the research significance of the cross-discipline of big data and law,it is not only beneficial to improve the current legal framework,but also beneficial to the Internet enterprise platform,government departments,algorithm designers and the public to understand the harm of algorithm discrimination,which is also of positive significance for the renewal of the equal rights protection model and the protection of the rights of digital vulnerable groups.The preliminary research foundation provides a certain amount of information and theoretical support: First,combined with the situation of big data application under the new crown pneumonia epidemic,study the operational logic,legal problems and regulatory ideas of big data application,and second,the challenge of the protection of citizens’ basic rights in the era of big data,take consumer privacy as the research object,through coordination and organization of the division of labor,subject declaration writing,panel discussion,expert consultation,writing papers and other work,the data processing,data analysis and data application in the era of big data a preliminary understanding of the specific challenges to the protection of the rights of individual data.The basic research ideas of this paper are: combined with the background of the big data era,analyze and summarize the latest research results,absorb and learn from foreign research experience,and provide scientific support for the study of legal problems of algorithmic discrimination.Research has concluded that big data resources are of great significance to individuals and countries,but the operation of new technologies centered on big data and algorithms challenges the protection of the right to equality of personal data.In the process of collecting,classifying,processing data and using data-assisted algorithms to make decisions,direct or indirect discrimination and discrimination results in different fields are produced in accordance with the subjective discrimination intention of the algorithm designer,whether intentional or unintentional,in order to meet the needs of the recipients of algorithm services or other organizations or individuals.Based on the universality,concealment and systematic characteristics of algorithmic discrimination,combined with the specific application scenarios of algorithmic discrimination,the causes of algorithmic discrimination are explored.Drawing on the legislative and practical experience of foreign countries with reference value,based on the logical path of legal regulation,it is concluded that the legal regulation path of algorithmic discrimination can be carried out from the combination of other laws and self-discipline,diverse subjects co-governance,strengthening market supervision and so on.From the perspective of the key algorithm subject,the legal regulation of algorithm discrimination in our country starts from the four main bodies of algorithm engineer,government,platform and public,and puts forward that we should pay attention to the ethical education and training of technical personnel,strengthen the supervision of relevant government departments,establish the algorithm accountability mechanism of the platform,and improve the channel of public participation in the supervision of the algorithm.更多还原