【作者】 刘娟；

【导师】 王成礼； 王铁军；

【作者基本信息】 中国矿业大学 ， 法律（非法学）（专业学位）， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 突发公共卫生事件预警制度是目前学界研究的热点论题。当前的研究多从本国新冠疫情暴露出的预警制度问题进行阐述,较少从比较法视域全面检视我国突发公共卫生事件预警制度存在的缺憾。鉴于此,有必要以公共卫生应急法制建设起步较早的美国作为参照对象进行比较研究。论文主要运用了文献分析法、案例分析法、比较分析法等研究方法,融合借鉴了健康权理论、风险规制理论、危机预警法治理论等经典理论。首先梳理美国联邦和州层面突发公共卫生事件预警法律体系,尔后厘清其预警法律制度的体系结构,提炼出可供借鉴的有益经验。然后以新冠疫情为典型案例分析美国突发公共卫生事件预警制度面临的现实问题,汲取其惨痛的教训。最后结合我国目前预警制度立法现状和短板,取长补短,提出完善我国突发公共卫生事件预警制度的若干启示建议。研究结果表明:美国突发公共卫生事件预警制度的特点主要体现在三个方面:其一,坚持风险预防原则。其二,预警制度运行法制化和规范化。其三,尊重专家专业知识。然而,因在新冠疫情中预警主体不协调、预警措施不规范、预警决策忽视民众的健康权等问题导致美国的突发公共卫生事件预警制度暴露出其弊端,后期一度防疫失控,我国应当吸取美国惨痛的教训。我国的突发公共卫生事件预警制度在此次疫情中也存在一定程度的短板,具体表现为:风险预防原则缺失、预警法律体系不完备、专业机构的法律地位较低、预警权限较为集中等方面。针对以上问题,有必要取长补短,借鉴美国突发公共卫生事件预警制度的优点,并且汲取其失败的教训,通过在法律中明确风险预防原则、健全预警的法律保障体系、提升专业人士的法律地位、优化预警主体权限配置、规范法律中的预警措施、预警决策以健康权为首位等方面进行完善,从而推动实现我国突发公共卫生事件预警制度的现代化,提升公共卫生应急法治水平,助力我国国家治理体系和治理能力的现代化。更多还原

【Abstract】 The early warning system of public health emergencies is a hot topic in academic research.The current research mostly elaborates on the early warning system exposed by the new crown epidemic in China,and fails to comprehensively examine the shortcomings of China’s early warning system for public health emergencies from the perspective of comparative law.In view of this,it is necessary to take the United States,which started early in the construction of the legal system for public health emergencies,as a reference object for comparative research.The thesis mainly uses research methods such as literature analysis,case analysis,and comparative analysis,and integrates and draws on classic theories such as the right to health,risk regulation,and crisis early warning rule of law.Firstly,the legal system of early warning of public health emergencies at the federal and state levels in the United States is sorted out,and then the structure of its early warning legal system is clarified,and useful experience can be extracted.Then,taking the new crown epidemic as a typical case to analyze the practical problems faced by the early warning system of public health emergencies in the United States,and learn its painful lessons.Finally,combined with the current legislative status and shortcomings of China’s early warning system,learn from each other’s strengths,and put forward some enlightenment suggestions for improving China’s early warning system for public health emergencies.The results show that the characteristics of the early warning system for public health emergencies in the United States are mainly reflected in three aspects: First,adhere to the principle of risk prevention.Second,the operation of the early warning system should be legalized and standardized.Third,respect the expertise of experts.However,due to the uncoordinated early warning subjects,non-standardized early warning measures,and neglect of people’s right to health in early warning decisionmaking in the new crown epidemic,the early warning system for public health emergencies in the United States has exposed its shortcomings,and the epidemic prevention was out of control in the later period,and China should learn the painful lessons of the United States.China’s early warning system for public health emergencies also has a certain degree of shortcomings in this epidemic,which are manifested in: lack of risk prevention principles,incomplete legal system for early warning,low legal status of professional institutions,and more concentrated early warning authority.In view of the above problems,it is necessary to learn from each other’s strengths,learn from the advantages of the early warning system for public health emergencies in the United States,draw lessons from its failures,and improve the principle of risk prevention in the law,improve the legal guarantee system for early warning,improve the legal status of professionals,optimize the allocation of authority of early warning subjects,standardize early warning measures in the law,and put the right to health in early warning decision-making,so as to promote the modernization of China’s early warning system for public health emergencies and improve the level of public health emergency rule of law.Contribute to the modernization of China’s national governance system and governance capacity.更多还原