【作者】 张燕；

【导师】 陈孜；

【作者基本信息】 成都医学院 ， 应用心理学（专业学位）， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 研究背景与目的:生活满意度涉及认知过程及主观体验的过程,对主观幸福感和心理社会的适应功能非常重要。既往关于生活满意度的影响因素的研究发现,人口社会学因素、生理因素、心理因素、社会因素等均会影响生活满意度。但既往研究由于统计方法多为相关和回归研究,也很少关注稳定的心理因素(如人格、家庭教养方式)对生活满意度的作用机制及作用机制的性别差异。因此,本研究结合既往研究结果及理论,采用结构方程模型,探讨家庭教养方式、人格对大学生的生活满意度的影响的作用机制及作用机制的性别差异。材料与方法:本研究为横断面调查性研究。采用便利抽样法,在2021年9月至2022年1月,对四川省的一所大学的学生进行生活满意度的线下调查。该问卷包括两部分,第一部分为人口社会学信息,包括年龄、家庭结构(单亲/离异、核心家庭/三代同堂)、每月可支配生活费、父母的文化程度;第二部分包括144条目的气质性格量表中文修订版(144-Temperament and Character Inventory,144-TCI)、中文版家庭教养方式量表(the Chinese version of Egna Minnen av Banrdons Uppforstran,C-EMBU)及中文版生活满意度量表(the Chinese version of Satisfaction with Life Scale,C-SWLS)。本研究共发放1200份问卷,剔除掉无效问卷后,共1020份有效问卷,有效率为83.33%。结果:1.本研究中男生的平均年龄小于女生的平均年龄,且差异有显著统计学意义(P<0.01);男女大学生的每月可支配生活费及双方家庭结构上的差异无显著统计学意义(P>0.05)。2.144-TCI及C-EMBU中的多个因子得分及C-SWLS得分有显著的性别差异(P<0.01),主要表现为女生的C-SWLS得分、教养方式中的情感温暖及144-TCI中的伤害回避(harm-avoidance,HA)、回报依赖(reward-dependence,RD)及自我指向(self-directedness,SD)得分显著高于男生;与之相反的是女性教养方式中的惩罚、过分干涉、拒绝、过分保护得分及144-TCI中的新异寻求(novelty-seeking,NS)、合作性(cooperativeness,C)、自我超越(self-transcendence,ST)得分显著低于男性;坚持性(persistent,P)的得分没有显著的性别差异(P>0.05)。3.无论是男性还是女性,C-SWLS得分与父亲中的情感温暖及母亲教养方式中的情感温暖、偏爱呈显著的正相关(P<0.05);与教养方式中的拒绝、惩罚、过度干涉呈显著的负相关(P<0.05)。C-SWLS得分与144-TCI中各因子的相关性存在性别差异:男性中C-SWLS与HA、RD、P、C有显著相关(P<0.05);而女性中C-SWLS得分与HA、RD、P、C、SD有显著的相关(P<0.05)。4.结构方程模型显示:(1)每月可支配生活费会显著影响男性大学生的生活满意度(P>0.05)。(2)气质对大学生的生活满意度、父母教养方式的影响没有显著的统计学意义(P>0.05)。(3)家庭教养方式、人格对生活满意度的作用机制有性别差异。在女性的SEM中:父亲情感温暖、偏爱、拒绝、过度保护的教养方式均会直接影响其性格(W=-0.30,0.18,0.17,0.37,P<0.05),且通过性格的中介作用影响女性的生活满意度。其中情感温暖的家庭教养方式会通过性格的部分中介作用影响C-SWLS得分(中介效应=16.71%),偏爱、拒绝及过度保护的教养方式对生活满意度的影响呈完全的中介作用。母亲情感温暖、偏爱、拒绝、过分干涉的教养方式会直接影响女性的性格(W=-0.21,0.15,0.23,0.23,P<0.05),且通过性格的中介作用影响生活满意度。其中情感温暖的家庭教养方式会通过性格的部分中介作用影响SWLS得分(中介效应=10.29%);偏爱、过分干涉及拒绝的教养方式对生活满意度的影响呈完全的中介作用。在男性的SEM中:父亲情感温暖的教养方式会直接影响男性的生活满意度(W=0.27,P<0.05),惩罚及过度保护的教养方式会直接影响男性的性格(W=0.28,0.23,P<0.05);母亲情感温暖及拒绝的教养方式会显著影响男性的生活满意度(W=0.24,-0.16,P<0.05),而母亲惩罚及过分干涉的教养方式会直接影响男性的性格(W=0.24,0.18,P<0.05)。结论:1.大学生的气质不显著影响其生活满意度,但性格对生活满意度的影响呈现出性别差异:性格仅会显著影响女性大学的生活满意度。2.家庭教养方式对大学生生活满意度的影响呈现出性别差异:多种父亲/母亲的家庭教养方式通过性格的中介作用进而影响女性的生活满意度;而男性的生活满意度主要受情感温暖的家庭教养方式的影响。3.提高每月可支配生活费可以提升男性的生活满意度。4.家庭教养方式对大学生性格形成的影响亦具有性别差异:男性的性格主要受惩罚、拒绝的教养方式的影响;女性性格则受多种家庭教养方式影响,包括温暖、偏爱、惩罚、拒绝、过分干涉、过度保护。更多还原

【Abstract】 Research background and purpose:Life satisfaction is involved cognitive and subjective experience processes.It is very important for subjective well-being and human psycho-social adaptation.Many factors were proved to affect life satisfaction,such as demographic information,physiological factors,psychological factors,and social factors.However,the statistical methods in most of the previous studies were correlation and regression analysis,which can not analyze the action mechanism of influencing factors(especially stable psychological factors,such as personalities and family parenting styles)on life satisfaction and gender differences.Therefore,based on theories and previous researches,this study aims to explore the action mechanisms of the family parenting styles and personalities on life satisfaction and gender differences using a structural equation model(SEM).Materials and Methods:This is a cross-sectional survey.Students of a college in Chengdu were invited to fill the off-line questionnaires from Sep.2021 to Jan.2022.The questionnaires included two parts: the first part was demographic information consisted of age,family structures,monthly expenses,and parents’ educational levels.The second part was consisted of144-Temperament and Character Inventory(144-TCI),the Chinese version of Egna Minnen av Banrdons Uppforstran(C-EMBU)and the Satisfaction with Life Scale(C-SWLS).A total of 1020 questionnaires were collected after eliminated 180 invalid questionnaires.The effective rate was 83.33%.Result:1.The average age of males was significantly lower than females(P < 0.01).But there was no gender difference in monthly expenses and family structures(P > 0.05).2.The scores in C-SWLS,emotional warmth,HA,RD,and SD for females were significantly higher than males.In contrast,the scores in punishment,over-interference,refuse,over-protection,NS,C,and ST for females exhibited lower than males(P <0.01).3.The scores of C-SWLS were significantly positively correlated with emotional warmth,preference in mother’s parenting style,but were negatively correlated with negative parenting styles.Moreover,the relationships between C-SWLS and 144-TCI exhibited gender differences: the scores of SWLS were significantly correlated with HA,RD,P,and C in males(P < 0.05);but in females were significantly correlated with HA,RD,P,SD,and C(P < 0.05).4.The structure equal models exhibited the following results: first,the C-SWLS and parenting styles were not affected by temperament significantly.Secondly,the monthly expenses affected C-SWLS significantly.Thirdly,the action mechanisms of parenting styles and 144-TCI on C-SWLS exhibited the following gender differences:In females’ SEM,the father’s parenting style of emotional warmth,preference,refuse and over-protection affected characters significantly(W =-0.30,0.18,0.17,0.37,P <0.05),and affected SWLS indirectly through characters.The part mediator effect from emotion warmth to SWLS was 16.71%.There were full mediator effects between other parenting styles and SWLS.The mother’s parenting style of emotional warmth,preference,rejection and over-interference affected characters significantly(W =-0.21,0.15,0.23,0.23,P < 0.05),and affected SWLS indirectly through characters.The part mediator effect from emotion warmth to SWLS was 10.29%.There were full mediator effects between other parenting styles and SWLS.In males’ SEM: The father’s parenting style of emotional warmth affected C-SWLS significantly(W = 0.27,P < 0.05),and the father’s punishment and over-protection affected characters significantly(W =0.28,0.23,P < 0.05).The mother’s parenting styles of emotional warmth and rejection affected C-SWLS significantly(W = 0.24,-0.16,P < 0.05),and the mother’s parenting styles of over-interference and punishment affected characters significantly(W = 0.18,0.24,P < 0.05).Conclusion:1.Though the college students’ life satisfaction was not affected by their temperament,their life satisfaction which was affected by character exhibited gender differences: characters only affected females’ life satisfaction.2.There were gender differences in the impact of parenting styles on life satisfaction: many kinds of parenting styles affected females’ life satisfaction through the mediator effect of females’ character;but there were only two kinds of parenting styles(emotional warmth and mother’s rejection)affected males’ life satisfaction.3.Increasing male college students’ monthly expenses will improve their life satisfaction.4.There were also gender differences in the impact of parenting styles on character:males’ characters were mainly influenced by negative patenting styles(punishment and rejection);in contrast,females’ characters were affected by negative parenting styles,emotional warmth,and preference.更多还原