【作者】 王超；

【导师】 殷冬水；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 政治学理论， 2023， 硕士

【摘要】 十九世纪的中国正处于近代化转型的关键时期,冯桂芬的一生正经历了这一时期的一系列重大历史事件,而他的改革思想在中国近代政治思想史上影响深远,对之后的洋务运动、戊戌年间的维新变法运动等都产生了深刻的影响。因此,研究冯桂芬及其思想将有助于全面理解中国的近代化转型,有助于理解中国近代历史上诸如基层治理、经济改革等若干关键性问题。本文研究的核心问题是冯桂芬如何理解晚清时期的国家政治、经济、文教等方面的问题以及如何设计其改革方案。对冯桂芬所处时代的历史背景的分析表明,晚清时期中国面临着一系列严峻的内外挑战与困难,作为封建知识分子中的有识之士,冯桂芬清楚认识到改革的必要性。本文对冯桂芬留存著作的研究表明,冯桂芬以为晚清国家在政治、经济以及文化教育等方面存在着一系列问题,严重阻碍了国家的进一步发展,亟须改革。冯桂芬在指出这些问题的基础上,进一步阐释了其改革的具体设想,这些内容涉及政治、经济及文教等社会生活的方方面面,极为具体系统。在对冯桂芬改革思想的分析中,本文在海外中国学的视野下,借助费正清、孔飞力以及柯文等学者的理论加以研究。分析表明,海外中国学对冯桂芬思想的认识也经历了一个由简单的“西方中心主义”分析到注重中国内部传统的转变,这显示出要正确认识理解冯桂芬及其改革思想,离不开对当时历史的内部与外部的考察。作为大变局之下的改革思想,冯桂芬的思想既无法脱离西方冲击去理解,也不能离开中国的历史传统去讨论。在考察冯桂芬及其改革思想时,需要注意到冯桂芬思想中超越时代的精神性因素,冯桂芬思想中的“自强”呼吁体现了中国近现代历史的内在连续性。某种程度上,中国现在谋求现代化的探索可视为十九世纪“自强”精神的延续。通过对冯桂芬及其改革思想的讨论,可以看到,在过去一个半世纪的历史中,中国在国家现代化议程上的连续性。在经济、政治等方面,那些冯桂芬时代被激烈争论的诸如基层有效治理等问题,至今也依然是重要的议题,正是这一历史内在的连续性决定了中国走向现代化的方向。总而言之,冯桂芬作为中国近代重要的思想家,对其本人及思想的研究是理解中国近代化的途径之一。对冯桂芬及其改革思想的研究表明,理解中国的近代化转型必须立足于中国自身的立场,综合考虑内外因素的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 The 19 th century China was in a critical period of modernization transformation.Feng Guifen’s life experienced a series of major historical events during this period,and his reform ideas had a far-reaching impact on the history of modern Chinese political thought,which had a profound impact on the subsequent Westernization Movement,the Reform Movement during the Wuxu period and so on.Therefore,studying Feng Guifen and his ideas will help us to fully understand China’s modernization transformation and to understand several key issues in China’s modern history such as grassroots governance and economic reform.The core issue studied in this article is how Feng Guifen understood the national politics,economy,education and other aspects of the late Qing Dynasty and how he designed his reform plan.The analysis of the historical background of Feng Guifen’s era shows that China faced a series of serious internal and external challenges and difficulties during the late Qing Dynasty.As an enlightened person among feudal intellectuals,Feng Guifen clearly recognized the necessity of reform.The study of Feng Guifen’s surviving works shows that he believed that there were a series of problems in the late Qing Dynasty in politics,economy and cultural education,which seriously hindered the further development of the country and urgently needed reform.Based on pointing out these problems,Feng Guifen further elaborated on his specific ideas for reform,which involved all aspects of social life such as politics,economy and education.In the analysis of Feng Guifen’s reform ideas,this article studies it from the perspective of overseas Chinese studies,with the help of scholars such as John K.Fairbank,Philip A.Kuhn and Paul A.Cohen.The analysis shows that overseas Chinese studies’ understanding of Feng Guifen’s ideas has also undergone a transformation from simple "Western-centrism" analysis to focusing on China’s internal traditions.This shows that to correctly understand Feng Guifen and his reform ideas,it is necessary to investigate both internal and external factors at that time.As a reform idea under great changes,Feng Guifen’s thought cannot be understood without Western impact nor can it be discussed without China’s historical tradition.When examining Feng Guifen and his reform ideas,we need to pay attention to the spiritual factors beyond time in his thought.The "self-strengthening" in Feng Guifen’s thought reflects the inherent continuity of China’s modern history.To some extent,China’s current exploration for modernization can be regarded as an extension of the "selfstrengthening" spirit in the 19 th century.Through discussing Feng Guifen and his reform ideas,we can see the continuity of China’s national modernization agenda over the past century and a half.In terms of economy,politics and other aspects,those issues such as grassroots effective governance that were fiercely debated during Feng Guifen’s era are still important topics today.It is precisely this inherent continuity in history that determines China’s direction towards modernization.In summary,as an important thinker in modern China,studying Feng Guifen himself and his thoughts is one way to understand China’s modernization.The study of Feng Guifen and his reform ideas inspires us that understanding China’s modernization transformation must be based on China’s own position and comprehensively consider internal and external factors.更多还原