【作者】 张颖；

【导师】 刘茜；

【作者基本信息】 河北大学 ， 经济法学， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 环境健康风险评估制度是基于生态管理的需要,通过评估环境污染对人体健康所造成的危害程度,明确健康风险的等级和水平,为环境风险管理决策的制定提供科学依据的制度。这一制度以风险预防为基点,突破环境污染“末端治理”的局限,从科学与不确定性之间找寻平衡,从而有效实现保护公众健康的价值目标,是有效应对环境风险的重要举措。环保法治建设几十年来,在环境保护方面作出了重要贡献。然而,重点主要集中在对于环境自身承载力的研究,较少的将研究视角放在环境污染与保护公众健康上。近年来,在风险社会的大背景下,由于环境健康风险引发的公众健康受损事件频繁发生,充分暴露了两者之间的矛盾。因此,预防环境健康风险,保护公众健康,成为环境保护的必然要求。当前,我国环境影响评价制度不能满足具有不确定性环境健康风险规制的需求,导致在具体实践中面临诸多挑战。而环境健康风险评估制度因兼具预防性和科学性等特征,在面对未来不确定的环境健康风险时具有独特优势,是环境健康风险管理的基础环节。虽然我国颁布实施了一系列环境与健康相关的法律法规,但是环境健康风险评估仍面临着严峻形势。在制度建设上,依然存在着突出的问题:第一,相关制度规则缺位,具体包括基本原则缺失;环境健康风险评估法律体系不完备。第二,评估主体定位不明,具体包括缺乏专门且独立的环境健康风险评估机构;缺乏整合性运作机制;评估管理需求不明确;评估参与主体单一。第三,评估程序不完善。第四,评估内容不全面,具体包括风险评估缺乏基础数据、风险评估技术规范体系不成熟。第五,评估责任机制不健全,具体包括风险决策主体的监督问责机制未落实;第三方评估机构法律责任不明确;企业自身环境健康风险评估体制不科学。美国、欧盟和日本开展环境健康风险评估工作较早,在法律及评估管理实践方面有着丰富的经验。它们以保护公众健康为核心形成了完备的环境健康法律体系和成熟的技术规范体系,以完善的风险评估程序为基础,不仅拥有专业化的评估管理机构,而且注重公众参与、责任机制的建立和完善。上述国家环境健康法律体系完备、评估主体定位明确、评估程序完善、技术规范体系健全、责任机制完善,能为解决我国环境健康风险评估法律问题提供参考和借鉴。针对上述存在的问题,建议通过以下路径解决:第一,完善环境健康风险评估法律制度规则,具体包括明确基本原则;健全环境健康风险评估法律体系。第二,明确评估主体定位,具体包括组建专门且独立的环境健康风险评估机构;划分权责,构建协调机制;明确评估管理需求;拓宽风险评估参与主体。第三,完善评估程序,具体包括确定具体的评估步骤;促进风险评估与配套程序相衔接。第四,充实评估内容,具体包括建立基础数据库;完善风险评估技术规范体系。第五,健全环境健康风险评估责任机制,具体包括落实决策主体监督问责机制;明确第三方评估机构的法律责任;加强企业环境健康风险评估体制建设。通过以上措施,有效推进我国环境健康风险评估法律制度的完善和发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Environmental health risk assessment system is based on the needs of ecological management,through the assessment of environmental pollution to human health harm degree,clear health risk grade and level,to provide scientific basis for environmental risk management decision making system.Based on risk prevention,this system breaks through the limitation of "terminal treatment" of environmental pollution,finds a balance between science and uncertainty,and effectively realizes the value goal of protecting public health,which is an important measure to effectively deal with environmental risks.The legal construction of environmental protection has made important contributions to environmental protection for decades.However,the research focus is mainly on the carrying capacity of the environment itself,and the research perspective is rarely on environmental pollution and public health protection.In recent years,under the background of risk society,public health damage events caused by environmental health risks occur frequently,which fully exposes the contradiction between the two.Therefore,preventing environmental health risks and protecting public health has become an inevitable requirement of environmental protection.At present,China’s environmental impact assessment system can not meet the requirements of environmental health risk regulation with uncertainty,leading to many challenges in practice.The environmental health risk assessment system has a unique advantage in the face of uncertain environmental health risks in the future because of its preventive and scientific characteristics,and is the basic link of environmental health risk management.Although a series of laws and regulations related to environment and health have been promulgated and implemented in China,environmental health risk assessment is still facing a severe situation.In the system construction,there are still outstanding problems: first,the absence of relevant system rules,including the absence of basic principles;The legal system of environmental health risk assessment is not complete.Second,the subject of assessment is unclear,including the lack of specialized and independent environmental health risk assessment institutions;Lack of integrated operation mechanism;Unclear assessment management needs;The subject of evaluation is single.Third,the evaluation procedure is not perfect.Fourth,the assessment content is not comprehensive,including the lack of basic data of risk assessment and immature technical specification system of risk assessment.Fifth,the assessment responsibility mechanism is not perfect,including the supervision and accountability mechanism of risk decision makers is not implemented,the legal responsibility of third-party assessment agencies is not clear,and the enterprise’s own environmental health risk assessment system is not scientific.The United States,the European Union and Japan have carried out environmental health risk assessment earlier,and have rich experience in law and assessment management practice.They have formed a complete environmental health legal system and mature technical standard system with the protection of public health as the core.Based on the perfect risk assessment procedure,it not only has a professional assessment management organization,but also pays attention to the establishment and improvement of public participation and responsibility mechanism.The above mentioned countries have perfect environmental health legal system,clear positioning of assessment subjects,perfect assessment procedures,perfect technical specification system and perfect liability mechanism,which can provide reference for solving the legal problems of environmental health risk assessment in China.In view of the above problems,the following ways are suggested to solve them:First,improve the legal system and rules of environmental health risk assessment,including clarifying the basic principles;We will improve the legal system for assessing environmental health risks.Second,clarify the orientation of assessment subjects,including the establishment of specialized and independent environmental health risk assessment institutions;Divide power and responsibility,build coordination mechanism;Clearly assess management needs;Broaden the subjects involved in risk assessment.Third,improve the evaluation procedure,including the determination of specific evaluation steps;Facilitate the link between risk assessment and supporting procedures.Fourth,enrich the assessment content,including the establishment of basic database;We will improve the technical standard system for risk assessment.Fifth,improve the environmental health risk assessment responsibility mechanism,including the implementation of decision-making body supervision and accountability mechanism;Clarifying the legal responsibilities of third-party appraisal agencies;We will strengthen enterprise environmental health risk assessment systems.Through the above measures,effectively promote the improvement and development of China’s environmental health risk assessment legal system.更多还原