节点文献
宣汉县土家余门拳的田野调查研究
【作者】 赵宏；
【导师】 王明建；
【作者基本信息】 成都体育学院 ， 民族传统体育学， 2022， 硕士
【摘要】 土家余门拳作为土家族武术的典型代表,在打造土家族武术文化传承的有效形式和途径过程中扮演着重要的角色,以此个案为基础,推演少数民族武术文化传承的一般状况与规律。本文以文化人类学为理论基础,采用田野调查、文献资料、访谈、个案研究等具体研究方法,以“他者”为视野,力图解决土家余门拳研究“何以可能”“何以可为”的现实问题。在借鉴文化人类学相关研究成果和研究范式的基础上,进一步拓展土家族武术文化跨学科研究的广度和深度。田野调查法作为一种常用的研究方法,是人类学研究的基本方法论,也是深入民间,以“参与式观察”来获得一手材料的重要途径与方法。以此为“方法”进行的人类学和民俗学等学科研究,国内外学者已取得令人称道学术成就。但在武术领域,运用田野调查法对武术进行研究的考察用力还不够,以至于需要采用一种“眼光向下”的“平民化”的姿态进行研究。本文选取了四川省唯一有土家族聚居区的宣汉县作为田野考察点,以土家余门拳作为研究对象,采用文化人类学“田野作业”的方式,从地理环境、人文风貌、集体记忆、多元价值、传承脉络、技艺与理论等维度展现土家余门拳发展的现实样态,进而剖判土家余门拳发展的实现困境与优化路径。研究认为:土家余门拳发展面临的现实困境有:1)在社会变迁背景下“乡土中国”向“城镇中国”转型过程中土家族武术文化生存空间的“空心化”与经济基础薄弱给土家余门拳发展带来的隐忧等生存困境;2)土家族集体记忆的消逝与“传承人”认定问题引发的族群内部隔阂等认同困境;3)土家余门拳传承的保守性与传承对象的匮乏等传承困境。土家余门拳当代发展的优化路径有:1)依托“非遗保护”与“乡村振兴”两大国家政策为土家余门拳发展注入动力,根据宣汉县土家族文化生态区的特征推进土家族武术文化“整体保护”,同时加强城乡融合发展体制机制,提高土家族武术文化自身“造血”功能;2)重构土家族武术传承的“原生态”文化空间、挖掘土家余门拳服务于当代社会的价值,夯实土家族民族文化认同根基,引入“第三部门”参与传承人权、责、利三权分置,解决“非遗”争端;3)运用现代传播媒介进一步探索新时代背景下的土家余门拳武术传播新模式,融入社区发展拓展土家余门拳传承渠道,确保土家武术文化可持续传承。当前,少数民族武术的发展出路在于提升自身的文化内涵,以适应民众日益增长的文化需求。
【Abstract】 As a typical representative of Tujia Wushu,Tujia Yumen Boxing plays an important role in the process of creating an effective form and approach to the inheritance of Tujia Wushu culture.Based on this case,the general situation and laws of ethnic minority Wushu culture inheritance are deduced..Based on the theoretical basis of cultural anthropology,this paper adopts specific research methods such as field investigation,documentary materials,interviews,case studies,etc.,and takes the "other" as the perspective,trying to solve the problems of "how is possible" and "how can it be possible" in the study of Tujia Yumen Boxing.Reality.On the basis of drawing on the relevant research results and research paradigms of cultural anthropology,further expand the breadth and depth of interdisciplinary research on Tujia martial arts culture.As a commonly used research method,fieldwork is the basic methodology of anthropological research,and it is also an important way and method to go deep into the people and obtain first-hand materials through participatory observation.Scholars at home and abroad have achieved admirable academic achievements in the anthropology and folklore research conducted by this "method".However,in the field of martial arts,the investigation of martial arts research using the field survey method is not enough,so it is necessary to adopt a "people-oriented" attitude of "looking down".This paper selects Xuanhan County,which is the only area inhabited by Tujia people in Sichuan Province,as the field inspection site,takes Tujia Yumen Boxing as the research object,and adopts the method of cultural anthropology "fieldwork" to analyze the geographical environment,cultural features,collective memory,The dimensions of multiple values,inheritance context,and technique routines show the reality of the development of Tujia Yumen Boxing,and then analyze the realization dilemma and optimization path of the development of Tujia Yumen Boxing.The research believes that: the realistic difficulties faced by the development of Tujia Yumenquan are as follows: 1)In the process of transition from "rural China" to "urban China" in the context of social changes,the marginalization of the living space of Tujia martial arts culture and the weak economic foundation have given Tujia Yumenquan Survival difficulties such as hidden worries brought about by development;2)Identity difficulties such as the disappearance of the collective memory of the Tujia people and the estrangement within the ethnic group caused by the identification of "heirs";3)The inheritance of Tujia Yumen Boxing is conservative and the lack of inheritance objects predicament.The optimization paths for the contemporary development of Tujia Yumen Boxing are as follows: 1)Relying on the two ethnic policies of "intangible cultural heritage protection" and "rural revitalization" to inject impetus into the development of Tujia Yumen Boxing,and promote the development of Tujia Yumen Boxing according to the characteristics of the Tujia Cultural Ecological Zone in Xuanhan County."Overall protection" of family martial arts culture,while strengthening the system and mechanism of the integrated development of urban and rural areas,and improving the "hematopoietic" function of Tujia martial arts culture;2)Reconstructing the "original ecology" cultural space of Tujia martial arts inheritance,and excavating Tujia Yumen Boxing to serve The value of contemporary society,consolidate the foundation of the ethnic cultural identity of the Tujia ethnic group,introduce the "third sector" to participate in the inheritance of human rights,responsibilities and interests,and resolve disputes over "intangible cultural heritage";3)Use the discourse power of modern media to further explore the new era Under the background of the new model of Tujia Yumen Quan Wushu dissemination,it integrates into community development to expand the inheritance channels of Tujia Yumen Quan,and ensures the sustainable inheritance of Tujia Wushu culture.At present,the way out for the development of minority martial arts lies in improving their own cultural connotation to meet the growing cultural needs of the people.