【作者】 孙琳；

【导师】 徐伟敏；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 法律硕士（非法学）（专业学位）， 2022， 硕士

【摘要】 生态环境损害是由环境污染、生态破坏导致的一系列环境因素、生物因素的不良变化,同时也包括由以上因素的变化导致的生态系统功能退化。生态环境损害赔偿是指由造成环境损害的人对被破坏的生态环境进行修复或赔偿,有利于落实损害者的责任,保护群众的生产、生活环境。生态环境损害赔偿磋商是我国生态环境损害赔偿制度改革过程中出现的新生事物,指赔偿权利人与赔偿义务人通过磋商,达成磋商协议,达到修复环境或者赔偿环境损害的目的。生态环境损害赔偿磋商制度尚存在以下问题:第一,磋商的法律性质未厘清,目前存在民事行为说、行政行为说、折中说三大观点;第二,磋商主体范围规定不合理,表现在赔偿义务人范围狭窄以及第三方法律地位不明确;第三,磋商的启动时机不恰当,法律规定就此未作出明确;第四,司法确认制度不规范,仅进行形式审查,且具体细则规定不清晰;第五,磋商与环境公益诉讼的衔接不顺畅,不利于实现对生态环境的及时有效修复。本文以生态环境损害赔偿磋商制度作为研究对象,通过整理磋商的制度沿革和实践进展,并对有关专家、学者的研究结果进行了分析,在此基础上为磋商制度的理论和实践提出一些优化建议。本文共分为三个部分:第一部分,概述生态环境损害赔偿磋商制度。通过分析中央出台的一系列规范性文件以及实践中的进展,本文就磋商的概念与特征、制度构成进行论述。首先,磋商是指是指赔偿权利人与赔偿义务人进行协商,就修复或赔偿达成一致,签署协议并进行司法确认的过程。其次,磋商具有启动的前置性、主体的特定性以及效率的优先性。最后,本文从磋商的原则、主体、内容三方面剖析了磋商的制度构成。第二部分,分析生态环境损害赔偿磋商制度存在的问题。通过磋商的制度沿革,发现存在规定不明确及不合理的问题。具体包括:第一,磋商的法律性质未厘清,目前存在民事行为说、行政行为说、折中说三大观点的论争;第二,磋商主体范围规定不合理,例如赔偿义务人范围狭窄、第三方法律地位不明确,不能适应实践的需要;第三,磋商的启动时机不恰当,因此实践中往往出现启动过早或过晚的现象;第四,司法确认制度不规范,只进行合法性审查易流于形式;第五,磋商与环境公益诉讼的衔接不顺畅,需要对此作出明确规定。第三部分,提出生态环境损害赔偿磋商制度的完善对策。对于规定不明确及不合理的现象,本文尝试提出如下建议:第一,明确磋商的法律性质,本文分析了磋商为何形式上具有私法性质,为何实质上仍是公法性质,并提出了将公法性与私法性相结合的对策建议;第二,完善磋商主体的规定,提出了将间接责任人纳入赔偿责任人范围,以及将第三方合理归类的建议;第三,探索适当的磋商启动时机,通过鉴定开展顺畅化、责任承担多元化、启动时机提前化的途径来实现;第四,完善磋商的司法确认制度,建立司法确认实质审查制度,并明确司法确认具体细则;第五,厘清磋商与公益诉讼的适用顺位,建立公示期制度,并确立磋商优先原则。更多还原

【Abstract】 Ecological environmental damage is a series of adverse changes in environmental factors and biological factors caused by environmental pollution and ecological destruction,and also includes the degradation of ecosystem functions caused by changes in the above factors.Compensation for damage to the ecological environment refers to the restoration or compensation of the damaged ecological environment by the person who caused the environmental damage,which is conducive to fulfilling the responsibility of the damager and protecting the production and living environment of the masses.Negotiation is a new thing in the reform of my country’s ecological and environmental damage compensation system,which means that the compensation right holder and the compensation obligor negotiate to reach a negotiation agreement to achieve the purpose of restoring the environment or compensating for environmental damage.The following problems still exist in the consultation system: first,the legal nature of the consultation has not been clarified,and there are currently three viewpoints: the theory of civil behavior,the theory of administrative behavior,and the theory of compromise;second,the scope of consultation subjects is unreasonable,which is reflected in the scope of compensation obligors narrow and unclear legal status of the third party;third,the timing of the negotiation was inappropriate,and the legal provisions were not clarified;fourth,the judicial confirmation system was not standardized,only formal review was conducted,and the specific rules were not clear;fifth,The connection between consultation and environmental public interest litigation is not smooth,which is not conducive to the timely and effective restoration of the ecological environment.This paper studies the negotiation system of ecological damage compensation,sorts out the evolution of the negotiation system and the progress of practice,and analyzes the research results of relevant experts and scholars.On this basis,it puts forward some optimization suggestions for the theory and practice of the negotiation system.This article is divided into three parts:The first part outlines the negotiation system for ecological damage compensation.By analyzing a series of normative documents issued by the central government and the progress ofpractice,this paper discusses the concept,characteristics and institutional composition of consultation.Among them,consultation refers to the process of negotiating between the right holder of compensation and the obligor of compensation,reaching an agreement on restoration or compensation,signing an agreement and conducting judicial confirmation.The negotiation has the precondition of initiation,the specificity of the subject and the priority of efficiency.Secondly,it analyzes the system composition of consultation from three aspects:principle,subject and content of consultation.The second part analyzes the problems existing in the consultation system.Through consultation on the evolution of the system,it is found that there are problems with unclear and unreasonable regulations.Specifically,it includes:first,the legal nature of the negotiation has not been clarified,and there are currently three viewpoints:the theory of civil behavior,the theory of administrative behavior,and the theory of compromise;second,the scope of the negotiation subject is unreasonable,which is manifested in the narrow scope of compensation obligors and third parties.The legal status is unclear;third,the timing of the negotiation is inappropriate,and the legal provisions have not made it clear;fourth,the judicial confirmation system is not standardized,only a formal review is conducted,and the specific rules are not clear;fifth,the consultation and environmental public welfare The connection of litigation is not smooth,which is not conducive to the timely and effective restoration of the ecological environment.The third part puts forward the perfect countermeasures for the negotiation system of ecological environment damage compensation.Regarding the unclear and unreasonable regulations,this paper tries to put forward the following suggestions:First,clarify the legal nature of negotiation,analyze why the negotiation has the nature of private law in form,and why it is still of the nature of public law in essence,and proposes to combine the nature of public law with the nature of public law.Countermeasures and suggestions that combine private law;second,improve the provisions on the subject of negotiation,put forward suggestions to include indirect responsible persons in the scope of compensation responsible persons,and reasonably classify third parties;Smooth development,diversify responsibilities,and advance the timing of initiation;fourth,improve the judicial confirmation system for consultation,establish a substantive review system for judicial confirmation,and clarify the specific rules for judicial confirmation:fifth,clarify the application order of consultation and public interest litigation,establish a public notice period system,and establish the principle of priority consultation.更多还原