【作者】 黄涛；

【导师】 李奇；

【作者基本信息】 西南交通大学 ， 电气工程， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 采用基于柴油推进系统的传统机车由于其排放而引起了人们对环境以及可持续发展的关注,为了获得对环境友好的铁路系统,基于燃料电池的机车应运而生,其具有高效以及环保等优点。以燃料电池为主要动力源的机车,无需接触网以及第三轨,提高了城市的美观性和安全性。本文针对氢燃料电池混合动力有轨电车,研究降低其运行能耗的方法,本文主要研究工作如下:根据有轨电车主要技术参数以及运行线路的坡道信息,计算了多种极端情况下有轨电车的需求功率,从而得到混合动力系统的功率约束条件以及动力电池的容量约束条件。根据列车的尺寸以及轴重限制,得到动力系统的体积重量约束,最后结合母线电压约束条件,采用分支界定算法对动力系统中各动力源配置个数进行求解。在对动力系统配置的基础上,分析并搭建了燃料电池模型、Boost升压电路模型、动力电池模型、三相交错并联双向Buck-Boost电路模型以及制动电阻模型、直流母线需求功率模型,同时研究了Boost电路与双向Buck-Boost电路的控制方法以及系统直流母线电压的建立方法。提出了适用于混合动力系统的制动电阻投切方法,该方法根据有轨电车所处不同的状态来对制动电阻进行相应的投切控制。在搭建的有轨电车动力系统模型的基础上,提出了一种基于列车与动力系统的双层运行能耗优化方法,主要分为两层。一是顶层列车运行曲线优化的研究,体现为对列车需求功率的优化,该层通过离线确定。该层采用庞特里亚金极大值原理对有轨电车运行速度曲线优化问题进行了推导与求解,得到对于短距离的运行工况而言,有轨电车的运行曲线包括全力牵引阶段、惰行阶段以及全力电制动阶段。为了满足所研究的优化问题的一系列边界条件,本文通过粒子群优化算法来搜索每个站间对应的最优的协态变量初值。研究发现,优化后有轨电车运行优化方案使其能耗较优化前降低了,虽然运行时间有所增加,但在可接受的范围内。二是底层动力系统能量分配方法的研究,该层为列车运行过程中实时进行,体现为对动力系统等效氢耗的优化。由于基于模糊逻辑控制的能量分配方法依赖于专家经验以及规则库较难实现全局等效氢耗较优,且基于动态规划的能量分配方法能实现全局等效氢耗最优因其计算量大而无法实时在线控制,因而在研究以上方法的基础上提出了基于离线优化-在线运行的能量分配方法。研究发现,所提的能量分配方法能实现实时控制并且可以得到全局氢耗较低的效果,本文将其应用于有轨电车混合动力系统中。搭建了基于OP5600的半实物仿真平台,包括用于模拟有轨电车及其动力系统运行的模型和用于通讯、采集、控制等作用的外围硬件电路两部分。第一部分利用在Matlab/Simulink环境下搭建完成的有轨电车动力系统整体模型,使用RT-LAB编译环境将模型转换为机器语言并下载至OP5600中,用以模拟有轨电车的实时动态响应。第二部分设计了基于DSP28335的控制电路,用于OP5600与DSP之间通讯的数模转换电路,基于以上硬件的基础上,在DSP的编译开发环境CCS5.0编写了对动力源出力分配方法以及对直流母线电压的控制算法。最后对RT-LAB平台内模拟的有轨电车动力系统进行控制,对本文提出的有轨电车运行能耗优化方法进行实验验证,结果表明,优化之后,有轨电车在示范线路工况运行完成,系统等效氢耗能降低约544.3g。更多还原

【Abstract】 The traditional locomotive based on diesel propulsion system has attracted people’s attention to the environment and sustainable development due to its emissions.In order to obtain an environment-friendly railway system,the locomotive based on fuel cell came into being,which has the advantages of high efficiency and environmental protection.The locomotive with fuel cell as the main power source does not need catenary and the third rail,which improves the beauty and safety of the city.In this paper,the methods to reduce the energy consumption of hydrogen fuel cell hybrid electric tram are studiedAccording to the main technical parameters of the tram and the ramp information of the running line,the required power of the tram under various extreme conditions is calculated,so as to obtain the power constraints of the hybrid power system and the capacity constraints of the power battery.According to the train size and axle load constraints,the volume and weight constraints of the power system are obtained.Finally,combined with the bus voltage constraints,the branch definition algorithm is used to solve the number of power sources in the power system.Based on the configuration of the power system,the fuel cell model,boost circuit model,power cell model,three-phase interleaving parallel bidirectional buck boost circuit model,braking resistance model and DC bus demand power model are analyzed and built.At the same time,the control method of boost circuit and bidirectional buck boost circuit and the establishment method of DC bus voltage are studied.A switching method of braking resistor for hybrid power system is proposed,which can control the switching of braking resistor according to the different states of tram.On the basis of the tram power system model,a two-layer operation energy consumption optimization method based on train and power system is proposed,which is mainly divided into two layers.One is the optimization of train operation curve at the top level,which is reflected in the optimization of train demand power,which is determined offline.In this layer,Pontryagin maximum principle is used to deduce and solve the optimization problem of tram running speed curve.For short distance operation,the running curve of tram includes full traction stage,coasting stage and full electric braking stage.In order to satisfy a series of boundary conditions of the optimization problem,this paper uses particle swarm optimization algorithm to search the optimal initial value of the covariate between each station.It is found that the energy consumption of tram after optimization is lower than that before optimization.Although the operation time is increased,it is within the acceptable range.The second is the research on the energy distribution method of the bottom power system,which is carried out in real time during the train operation,which is reflected in the optimization of the equivalent hydrogen consumption of the power system.Because the energy allocation method based on fuzzy logic control relies on expert experience and rule base,it is difficult to achieve the global equivalent hydrogen consumption optimization,and the energy allocation method based on dynamic programming can achieve the global equivalent hydrogen consumption optimization,because of its large amount of calculation,it cannot be controlled online in real time,Therefore,based on the study of the above methods,an energy allocation method based on off-line optimization and on-line operation is proposed.It is found that the proposed energy allocation method can achieve real-time control and lower global hydrogen consumption.In this paper,it is applied to the hybrid electric system of tram.The hardware in the loop simulation platform based on op5600 is built,including the model used to simulate the operation of tram and its power system and the peripheral hardware circuit used for communication,acquisition and control.In the first part,using the overall model of tram power system built in Matlab / Simulink environment,the RT-LAB compiler environment is used to convert the model into machine language and download it to op5600 to simulate the real-time dynamic response of tram.In the second part,the control circuit based on DSP28335 is designed,which is used for the digital to analog conversion circuit between op5600 and DSP.Based on the above hardware,the output distribution method of power source and the control algorithm of DC bus voltage are written in DSP compiler development environment ccs5.0.Finally,the tram power system simulated in RT-LAB platform is controlled,and the energy consumption optimization method proposed in this paper is verified by experiments.The results show that after optimization,the tram runs in the demonstration line condition,and the system equivalent hydrogen energy consumption is reduced by about544.3g.更多还原