【作者】 李慧；

【导师】 郭庆元； 陆宴辉；

【作者基本信息】 新疆农业大学 ， 农业硕士（专业学位）， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 为促进生防药剂的应用推广,推动化学农药的减施增效技术的研究与应用。本研究分别针对新疆棉花上发生普遍的根腐类病害(立枯病和红腐病)及棉蚜选择当前正在推广研究的几种生防药剂,通过毒力测定,药剂用量优化及室内和田间防治试验,对3种防病生防药剂和2种防虫生防药剂分别进行了针对棉花根腐类病害和棉蚜的防治效果及增产效益分析和应用探讨。对于棉花立枯病和红腐病的室内实验结果表明:三种药剂对棉花立枯病菌和红腐病菌的毒力由大到小分别为80%乙蒜素、10×1010cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌、24%植物免疫增产蛋白;三种药剂用于种子处理时的适宜稀释倍数为300～500倍;80%乙蒜素对两病均有较高的单一防效和兼防效果,10×1010 cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌次之,24%植物免疫增产蛋白对两病的防效明显较低。田间防效及效益分析表明:80%乙蒜素拌种有62%～65%防效及11%的直接增产效益,10×1010 cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌有54%～58%防效及近10%直接增产效益;24%植物免疫增产蛋白有36%～40%的防效及10.4%直接增产效益。供试的三种生防药剂对棉花苗期立枯病和红腐病均有一定的防病增产效果,其中80%乙蒜素最佳,10×1010 cfu/g枯草芽孢杆菌次之;24%植物免疫增产蛋白防效较低但有一定的增产效果。针对棉蚜的毒力比较表明:三种药剂在相同稀释倍数下对于棉蚜的致死率不同,化学药剂2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯高于两种生防药剂。三种药剂作用于棉蚜的毒力结果相比,化学药剂2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯对棉蚜的毒力最高,LC50为2.604 mg.L-1,生防药剂1.8%阿维菌素对棉蚜的毒力相对较低,LC 50为5.387 mg.L-1,生防药剂1.3%苦参碱对棉蚜的毒力最低,LC 50为11.731 mg.L-1。三种药剂田间喷施后一周内(1 d、4d、7 d)的防效及增产效益分析结果表明:化学药剂2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯的田间防效相对最高,施药后一周内虫口减退率从98.7%、94.0%到89.9%,防效从98.8%、95.1%到92.8%渐减,一次施药增产幅度约7.6%;生防药剂1.8%阿维菌素防效次之,施药后一周内虫口减退率从82.6%、88.6%到83.3%波动,防效从83.6%、90.6%到88.1%波动,一次施药增产幅度约7.4%;而生防药剂1.3%苦参碱防效相对较低,施药后一周内虫口减退率从57.9%、64.0%到70.2%,防效从60.2%、70.4%到78.8%渐增,一次施药增产幅度约7.0%。针对棉蚜的研究结果说明三种药剂均有较好的田间防效和增产效益;其中,化学药剂2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯在棉蚜的防治上短期防效较高,但持效性较差,易产生抗药性;生防药剂1.8%阿维菌素短期不如化学药剂2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯,但7d内防效达80%以上,最高接近90%,且虫口数持续减退,有较好的持效性;生防药剂1.3%苦参碱田间短期防效相对较低,但持效性较好,7 d后防效接近80%。更多还原

【Abstract】 In order to promote the application and promotion of Biocontrol Preparations,promote the research and application of chemical pesticide saving and efficiency improvement technology.In this study,we selected several biocontrol agents that are currently being promoted for major diseases such as cotton blight,red rot,and aphids.Through virulence measurement,optimization of the dosage of the agents,and indoor and field control experiments,the three Analysis and application of two kinds of biological control pesticides against pests were carried out to control the effects and increase yield.The results of laboratory experiments on cotton damping off and red rot showed three agents on damping off and red rot varies from large to small is:80%Ethylicin,10×1010 cfu/g Bacillus subtilis,and 24%Plant immune stimulation protein.These three agents are used for seeds treatment,which suitable dilution factor is 300 to 500 times.80%Ethylicin has high the single control effect and concurrent control effect on damping off and red rot,10×1010 cfu/g Bacillus subtilis followed and 24%Plant immune stimulation protein has significantly lower control efficiency on both diseases.Field control efficiency and benefits analysis that:80%Ethylicin mixed seed has 62%～65%control efficiency and about 11%direct stimulation benefit,10×1010 cfu/g Bacillus subtilis has 54%～58%control efficiency and about 10%direct stimulation benefit,24%Plant immune stimulation protein has 36～40%control efficiency and about 10.4%direct stimulation benefit.These three tested bio-control agents had a certain effect on disease prevention and stimulation of cotton which had damping off and red rot in cotton seedling.Finally Among them,the effect of 80%Ethylicin was the best,followed by 10×1010 cfu/g Bacillus subtilis.The control effect of 24%Plant immune stimulation protein is lower but it has a certain effect of stimulation.The results showed that the fatality rate of cotton aphid was different under three insecticides with the same dilution ratio,and the chemical 2.5%cyhalothrin was higher than the two biological control agents.The result shows that the toxicity of chemical insecticide 2.5%cyhalothrin was the highest,LC50 was 2.604 mg.l-1,biological control insecticide 1.8%avermectin was relatively low,LC50 was 5.387 mg.l-1,biological control insecticide 1.3%matrine was the lowest,LC50 was 11.731 mg.l-1.One week(1 d,4 d,7 d)after the three insecticides were sprayed in the field,the effect of containing insects and increasing fields are as follows:the control effect of 2.5%cyhalothrin is the highest in the field,insects population decreased from 98.7%,94.0%to 89.9%,the control effect decreased was from 98.8%,95.1%to 92.8%,and the increase rate after application was about 7.6%;The control effect of the biological insecticide 1.8%avermectin was behind the 2.5%cyhalothrin,the decrease rate of insect population was from 82.6%,88.6%to 83.3%within one week after application,and the increase rate of field fluctuates among 83.6%,90.6%to 88.1%,with a average of 7.4%increase rate for one application.The control effect of 1.3%matrine was relatively low,and the decrease rate of insect population was from 57.9%,64.0%to 70.2%within one week after application,and the containing rate gradually increased from 60.2%,70.4%to 78.8%,with a average of 7%increase of yield for one application.The results of aphids showed that all three agents had better field control and yield increase.Among them,the chemical agent 2.5%high-efficiency cypermethrin in the control of cotton aphid short-term control effect is higher,but the effect is poor,easy to produce drug resistance.The biocontrol agent 1.8%avermectin is shorter than the chemical agent 2.5%cypermethrin,but more than 80%and nearly 90%were effective within 7 d.And the number of insect mouth continued to decline,has a better efficacy.The biocontrol agent 1.3%matrine has a relatively low short-term control effect in the field,but it has a good holding effect,and the control effect is close to 80%after 7 d.更多还原