【作者】 张莹；

【导师】 朱旭；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 应用心理学， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 过去几十年关于共情的研究主要集中在共情的个体差异研究、神经生理机制研究、共情的影响因素研究以及促进亲社会行为的研究等方面。近年来,临床心理学家关于共情的研究逐渐将共情从结果变量(如将共情视为亲社会行为的中介机制)转化为过程变量(如共情准确性、共情回避等)。对于我们耳熟能详的共情一词,不同领域学者分别从社会学、心理学、生理学等多个视角进行探讨。尽管共情能够帮助人们更好地理解他人的感受,促进人际交往,但在现实生活中大多数人依然不愿意选择共情,更多地是安慰他人或者提出建议。那么,回避共情的原因到底是什么呢?Cameron等人基于共情消耗更多认知资源这一观点进行这一现象的解释。Zaki等人指出共情受不同的动机影响,表现为趋向共情或回避共情。本文立足于前人研究,对共情回避的现象、以及该现象发生的心理机制和影响因素等三个问题进行了系统研究,对西方实证研究进行了本土化检验。研究一,采用共情选择任务范式来探讨是否存在共情回避现象以及共情选择是否受情绪效价的影响。研究结果发现,确实存在共情回避现象,即在有选择任务的情境下,被试在共情任务选择和描述任务选择确实存在显著性的差异。此外,共情选择与情绪效价无关,即共情选择与图片材料效价无关,因此共情回避不是回避消极情绪,而是回避共情本身。研究二,采用双任务范式,在研究一的基础上,对共情回避现象进行机制探讨,共情任务组与描述任务组在努力分数和效能感分数是否存在差异,以及在后续stroop任务上的表现差异。研究结果表明,共情任务努力分数确实显著高于描述任务的努力得分,同时共情任务也表现出了更低的效能感,即共情效能感分数显著低于描述组,但对后续stroop任务的表现没有产生显著影响。研究三,通过给予不同类型的共情反馈(积极反馈/消极反馈),考察不同反馈对不同专业认同度(高/低认同组)新手咨询师在共情选择方面是否产生影响。研究结果发现,积极反馈和高专业认同均能促进新手咨询师的共情选择,然而对于低专业认同的新手咨询师,无论哪种反馈都不能促进其共情选择。值得注意的是,对于高专业认同的新手咨询师,消极反馈能极大挫败其共情意愿。最后,基于本研究过程中存在的不足,为今后研究提供了设想和改进方案。此外,也对本研究的理论和实践意义进行了探讨。更多还原

【Abstract】 Previous research on empathy has focused on individual differences in empathy,its cognitive neural basis,influencing factors,and effects on pro-social behavior.In recent years,clinical psychologists’ research on empathy has gradually transformed empathy from an outcome variable(e.g.,viewing empathy as a mediating mechanism of prosocial behavior)to a process variable(e.g.,empathic accuracy,avoidance of empathy,etc.).The familiar term empathy has been studied by scholars in different fields from various perspectives,including neurophysiology,sociology,and psychology.Although empathy can help people better understand others’ feelings and facilitate interpersonal interactions,most people in real life are still reluctant to choose empathy,and are more likely to encourage others or offer suggestions.Cameron et al.explain this phenomenon based on the oponion that empathy consumes more cognitive resources,and Zaki et al.show that empathy is influenced by different motivations,which can be expressed as either tendency to empathize or avoidance of empathy.Based on previous research,this paper provides a preliminary discussion of three issues,including the phenomenon,mechanisms,and intervention strategies of empathy avoidance,to localize and test the results of Western empirical studies.To achieve this goal,we will design three studies as follows.In Study 1,the empathic choice task paradigm was used to explore whether empathic avoidance exists and whether empathic choice is influenced by emotional valance.The results of the study found that empathic avoidance did exist,i.e.,there was indeed a significant difference between subjects’ choice of empathic task and choice of descriptive task in the context of a choice task.Furthermore,empathic choice was not related to emotional validity,i.e.,empathic choice was not related to picture material validity,so that empathic avoidance was not avoidance of negative emotions,but avoidance of empathy itself.In Study 2,we conducted the dual-task paradigm to explore the mechanisms of the empathic avoidance phenomenon based on Study 1,and test whether there were differences in effort and efficacy scores between the empathic task group and the description task group,as well as differences in performance on the subsequent stroop task.The results of the study showed that the empathic task effort scores were indeed significantly higher than the effort scores of the description task,while the empathic also showed a lower sense of efficacy,i.e.,the empathic efficacy scores were significantly lower than those of the description group,but there was no significant effect on the performance on the subsequent stroop task.In study 3,we are going to explore whether different feedback had an effect on novice counselors with different professional identity(high/low identity group)in terms of empathic choice was examined by giving different types of empathic feedback(positive feedback/negative feedback).The results of the study revealed that both positive feedback and high professional identification facilitated novice counselors’empathic choice,however,for novice counselors with low professional identification,neither feedback facilitated their empathic choice.Notably,for novice counselors with high professional identity,negative feedback significantly frustrated their willingness to empathize.Finally,we reflect on the shortcomings of this study from the perspective of research methodology and design,propose suggestions for future research,and discuss the theoretical and practical implications of this study.更多还原