【作者】 张帆；

【导师】 王星光；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 中国古代史， 2021， 硕士

【摘要】 气象深刻影响汉代民众生活的物质生产和文化领域。以阴阳之气阐释气象发生在先秦时期就已出现并产生一定影响,在汉代成为主流思想。董仲舒的气象发生阐释体系有三个内容:一是阴阳五行按照一定规律相互作用生成气象;二是人类社会治乱之气可以影响阴阳之气的运行,继而影响气象发生;三是气象作为天意志的表征,为君主施政行为得当与否提供参照。以上内容基本构成董仲舒天人感应学说的内在逻辑。在天人感应思想影响下,气象作为天意志的表征,被汉时人赋予特定的政治文化含义,以“霜”和“风雨”为例。“霜”所具备的寒冷、肃杀的自然属性延伸为刑罚、诛杀之意,降霜繁重被认为是君主刑罚失度、施政急切有过失、用兵频繁的天诫,霜不杀草暗示着臣强君弱。在儒生的语境下,始皇帝封禅途中遇到的“风雨”被赋予上天有意阻碍其封禅活动的隐喻,并深刻影响了汉武帝封禅的活动。两者均被汉臣当作言说工具以表达其政治主张,达到其政治目的。汉人基于对生活中气象现象的观察,产生许多科学合理的认识。汉时八风风名的变化反映了古人对不同季节风特征的概括到以风气测定节候的转变;汉人认识到云雾雨雪雹之间是雨水在不同温度等条件下不同的状态,粗略描绘出云雨形成降落的过程;并通过观察云的形状和颜色、动物的反应来预测降水。掌握气象发生规律的主要目的是满足农业生产的现实需求。汉人利用并适应气象条件安排农事生活,借助降水改良土壤耕种环境;选择在雨后播种,提高种子萌发率;利用积雪保温抗旱杀虫,并利用雪汁溲种以提高农业产量。在应对不利气象条件方面,其采用绳索刮去霜露的方式,选择对不良气象条件耐受程度更高的农作物耕种,发明浸润、渗漏这一经济适用的灌溉方法和利于抗旱保墒的区田法、代田法。汉时形成“郡国上报雨泽”制度成为及时掌握灾情、了解农作收成的重要手段。囿于时代的局限,汉人不可能做到精准的天气预测及对气象的有效干预,只能转向祈求山川神灵的路径。气象神灵的名号、形象繁杂多变受到多重因素的影响,其祭祀形式和祀位受不同时期礼制理念的改变而变化。祈雨方式也有所变化,董仲舒基于阴阳五行致风雨的思想,以“闭阳开阴”为原则,以五行学说为体系,创造了独具汉代特色的祈雨仪式;东汉时期求雨祷祀山川逐渐由中央扩展至地方,成为统治阶层在旱时求雨祈福、安抚民心的重要政治举措,汉人对气象的认知并非单一割裂的,在神灵信仰、政治、农事等各个层面相互影响、密切联系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Meteorology had a profound impact on the material production and cultural fields of people’s life in the Han Dynasty.The interpretation of the occurrence of meteorology by the Qi of Yin and Yang appeared as early as the Qin Dynasty and had a certain influence,which became the mainstream thought in the Han Dynasty.Dong Zhongshu’s interpretation system of meteorology has three contents: first,Yin and Yang and five elements interact to produce meteorology according to certain rules.Second,the Qi of controlling chaos in human society can affect the movement of the Qi of Yin and Yang,and then affect the occurrence of meteorology.Third,as a symbol of the will of heaven,meteorology provides a reference for whether the monarch’s governance behavior is proper or not.The above contents basically constitute the internal logic of Dong Zhongshu’s theory of the response between man and nature.Under the influence of the thought of the reaction between heaven and man,meteorology,as a representation of the will of heaven,was given specific political and cultural meanings by people of the time,taking "frost" and "wind and rain" as examples.The cold and solemn natural attributes of "frost" extend to the meaning of punishment and killing.The heavy frost is considered to be the commandment of heaven that the monarch’s punishment is careless,the administration is eager and negligent,and the military is frequently used.The frost does not kill grass,suggesting that the minister is strong and the monarch is weak.In the context of Confucian scholars,the "wind and rain" encountered by Emperor Shihuang on his pilgrimage was endowed with the metaphor of God’s intention to hinder his pilgrimage activities,and had a profound impact on Emperor Wudi’s pilgrimage activities.Both were used as speech tools to express their political views and achieve their political goals.Based on the observation of meteorological phenomena in daily life,the Han people have many scientific and reasonable understandings.The change of the names of the eight winds in the Han Dynasty reflects the change of the ancients’ generalization of the characteristics of different seasonal winds to the determination of festival phenology by the atmosphere.The Han people realized that between clouds,fog,rain,snow,and hail are different states of rain at different temperatures and other conditions,and roughly describe the process of formation and fall of clouds and rain.And looking at the shape and color of clouds and how animals react to predict precipitation.The main purpose of mastering the law of meteorological occurrence is to meet the practical demand of agricultural production.The Han people made use of and adapted to meteorological conditions to arrange their farming life,and improved the soil and farming environment with the help of precipitation.Sowing after rain was selected to improve seed germination rate.Use snow to keep heat,resist drought and kill insects,and use snow juice to improve agricultural output.In terms of coping with adverse meteorological conditions,it adopts the way of scraping frost and dew with ropes,chooses the crops with higher tolerance to adverse meteorological conditions,and invents the economical and applicable irrigation methods of infiltration and leakage,and the zone-field method and the farm-substitution method which are conducive to drought resistance and moisture conservation.In Han Dynasty,the formation of the "county reported rain" system became a timely grasp of the disaster,understand the important means of farming.Due to the limitations of The Times,the Han people could not make accurate weather predictions and effectively intervene in the weather.They could only turn to the path of praying to the gods of the mountains and rivers.The names and images of meteorological deities were complicated and varied,and their sacrificial forms and positions were changed by the change of ritual concepts in different periods.The way of praying for rain also changed.Dong Zhongshu created a rain-praying ceremony with unique characteristics of Han Dynasty based on the thought of yin-yang and five elements causing wind and rain,taking "closing Yang and opening Yin" as the principle and the theory of five elements as the system.In the Eastern Han Dynasty,praying for rain and offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers gradually spread from the central government to local governments,which became an important political measure for the ruling class to pray for rain and blessing in times of drought and appease the people.The Han people’s cognition of meteorology is not single and separate,but mutually influenced and closely related in various aspects,such as god belief,politics and agricultural affairs.更多还原