【作者】 杨晓慧；

【导师】 吴童立；

【作者基本信息】 山东大学 ， 外国哲学， 2021， 硕士

【副题名】基于一个新调查问卷的实验哲学研究

【摘要】 电车难题是一个人们耳熟能详的道德困境,而哲学中电车难题讨论的则是对于电车案例和天桥案例两个看起来相似的情形,为什么人们会做出不同的道德判断。哲学家们所提出的关于电车难题的哲学理论基于一个共同的前提,即依据以往的调查结果:在面对电车案例时绝大多数人会选择救五个人牺牲一个人,而在天桥案例中绝大多数人会选择不去推胖子放弃救那五个人。但是这个前提随着时代的变化依然可靠吗?带着这样的疑问,我们重新做了问卷调查,调查结果显示,参与者在电车案例中选择不转向的和选择转向的几乎各占一半,这与之前所有的调查结果大相径庭。通过对调查结果的回访,我们进一步发现,近一半的参与者之所以选择在电车难题中不转向主要原因有三个。第一个主要是关于个体责任的观点,即行为者想规避故意杀死他人的责任;第二个是关于社会规则的观点,认为那五个人出现在正常运行的轨道上是违反规则的;第三个是关于命定论的观点,认为行为者不应干涉事件原本的发展轨迹。这些研究表明实验哲学的调查结果可能随着时代的发展而变化,同时在调查研究中应该注重受访者做出选择的理由,并根据这些理由进一步探索其背后的伦理学依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Trolley Problem is a moral dilemma that acquainted to many philosophers.This problem asks why people make different moral judgments on two seemingly similar situations:Trolley Case and Overpass Case.These disagreements--and moral theories that explain them--are based on previous surveys that shows that the majority of people choose to save five people and sacrifice the other one(by switching the trolley trail)in Trolley Case but prefer not to push the fat man and therefore not to save five people in Overpass Case.Are those surveys still valid over time?With this question in mind,we did a questionnaire survey.The result shows that almost half of the participants choose not to switch(therefore,naturally,not to save the five)under Trolley Case.This is in stark contrast to all previous surveys.Through some return visits,we found that there are three main reasons not to switch the trolly trail.The first is primarily about individual responsibility:the agent wants to evade the responsibility of intentionally kill another person;The second is about social rules:it is against the rules that people appear on the trolley trail;The third is about fatalism:behaviors should not interfere with the original process of events.These studies show that the results of philosophy experiments may change through time,and that the experimenter should pay attention to the reasons why the participants make different choice and explore the philosophical base of these reasons.更多还原