【作者】 陈晨；

【导师】 白欲晓；

【作者基本信息】 南京大学 ， 中国哲学， 2016， 硕士

【摘要】 《法言》是两汉之际思想家扬雄仿《论语》而作的一部语录体著作。《汉书·扬雄传》中称“雄见诸子各以其知舛驰,大氐诋訾圣人,即为怪迂,析辩诡辞,以挠世事,虽小辩,终破大道而或众,使溺于所闻而不自知其非也。”1针对诸子学说“自是而相非”的局面,扬雄志在传承孔孟圣人精神,愿效仿孟子的作为,起而廓清,便模仿《论语》作《法言》一书批判诸子学说以发展儒学思想。扬雄所处的时代在经历了汉初的黄老之学和汉武帝的“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”之后,汉初的黄老之学虽然退出了历史舞台,但儒道的融合成为历史的必然,扬雄的思想亦受到这种思潮的影响。西汉末期,随着董仲舒神学目的论和天人感应思想的日益发展,社会中产生了一系列谶纬迷信与灾异之说,阴阳五行等思想对儒家的掺杂已经深入,阻碍了儒学的发展。面对复杂的思想形势,扬雄通过批判诸子学说以推动儒学的理性发展。本文是在阐述扬雄诸子批判思想的基础上,对扬雄《法言》在心性修养观、认识论、伦理思想等方面对儒学发展所作的贡献进行全面的论述,以呈现他对儒学的继承与发展。其特点是批判诸子学说并吸收改造道家思想以构建自己的儒学思想体系。本文通过对扬雄《法言》的研究,揭示扬雄《法言》对诸子学说的批判及其对儒学的发展。全文分为四章加以论述:第一章介绍了扬雄思想的学术背景与《法言》一书,主要阐述扬雄的思想渊源及其时代背景,并对《法言》一书作出分析。扬雄早年在家乡蜀地所受的儒家经典教育以及其师严君平道家思想,深刻影响了扬雄思想的形成。西汉时期混乱的时代背景,亦使得扬雄《法言》一书应运而生。第二章具体分析《法言》对诸子的批判。扬雄站在儒家的立场上,对先秦诸子学说中不合乎儒家的部分进行了批判。他反对法家重刑罚、轻礼乐教化的思想,并指责墨家注重节俭而轻视礼仪的主张。同时扬雄认为以公孙龙为代表的名家学派的学说皆是诡辩之辞并对之加以批评,并对两汉阴阳家学说造成灾异迷信进行严厉批判。但他并非一味批评,而注重吸收道家有益思想来充实完善自身的儒学体系。第三章具体阐述《法言》对儒学的继承与发展,主要从三方面进行讨论:人性论方面,扬雄调和孟荀人性论、首提“性善恶混”。本文首先对先秦儒家孟、荀的人性论进行阐述,在此基础上展开扬雄对人性论的认识及其对儒家人性论的发展。认识论方面,扬雄严厉批判谶纬迷信、开启理性思潮。扬雄对两汉时期产生的灾异迷信思想保持了清醒的认识,《法言》中他对迷信思想的批判俯拾皆是。由此扬雄提倡“尚智”的认知观,肯定人的认识的主观能动性,促进了儒学的发展。伦理思想方面,扬雄吸取道家观念,发挥儒家伦理思想。本文从仁义之说、道德观和礼乐法度三部分论述了扬雄的伦理观。扬雄的仁义之说和礼乐法度思想大致继承了先秦儒学的伦理思想,而其道德观是明显吸收老子道家观念并加以阐发的。第四章探讨了扬雄《法言》诸子批判及其对儒学发展的意义与影响。论文从两方面讨论,一方面,扬雄《法言》诸子批判理论为儒学的发展清除了不合理因素,扬雄据此展开儒学理论体系。另一方面,扬雄《法言》推动了儒学的发展,其思想影响了桓谭、王充等人,并为韩愈道统之说的建构提供了借鉴。更多还原

【Abstract】 Fa Yan is a quotation work written by the Han Dynasty’s thinker Yang Xiong.He imitated the Analects of Confucius and made it.Yang Xiong biography of Hanshu said that Fa Yan was writing because he saw other schools at that time destroyed the path to saint,or the expression of some complex,of thought on the theory naturally and phrase of the situation,Yang Xiong wanted to inherit Confucius and Mencius sage spirit,willing to follow as Mencius,and cleared the ways and imitated the Analects of Confucius for Fa Yan to criticize their theories to the development of Confucianism.The era of Yang Xiong has experienced the early Han Dynasty of the school of Huang Lao and the reign of Emperor Wu of Han,"deposed 100,Confucianism only",the early Han Huang Lao school withdrew from the stage of history,but the fusion of Confucianism and Taoism as a historic necessity,Yang Xiong’s thought has also been impacted by this trend.At the end of Western Han Dynasty,with the increasing development of Dong Zhongshu’s theological teleology and the theory of interaction between heaven and man,all sorts of strange superstition have appeared in the society,Yin and Yang five elements has deep influenced thoughts of Confucian,which have hindered the development of Confucianism.Faced with the complex ideological situation,Yang Xiong criticized other scholars to promote the rational development of Confucianism.This paper is based on the criticism about other scholars of Yang Xiong,and describes the process of Yang Xiong Fa Yan in view of mind cultivation,epistemology,ethics and other aspects of the development of Confucianism comprehensively,to present his inheritance and development of Confucianism.Its characteristic is to criticize other school and absorb and transform Taoism to rebuild his ideological system.In this paper,through the study of Fa Yan,revealing Yang Xiong’s criticism about other scholars and the development of Confucianism in Fa Yan.This paper is divided into four chapters.The first chapter introduces the academic background of Yang Xiong’s thought and Fa Yan,which mainly elaborates the origin of Yang Xiong’s thought and background of his time,and analyze the book of Fa Yan.Yang Xiong’s Confucian education as well as his teacher Yan Junping Taoist thought,had a profound influence on the writing of Fa Yan.The background of chaos in Western Han Dynasty,also made Yang Xiong’s Fa Yan come into being.The second chapter analyzes the criticism of Fa Yan to other schools.Yang Xiong,standing on the position of Confucian,criticized a part of theory of the pre-qin scholars which not conform to Confucianism.He opposed the thought of legalist school which attaches great importance to the punishment but despises music education,and he accused the Mohist which pays attention to thrift but despises etiquette.At the same time,Yang Xiong thought that the theories of the school of Names represented by Gong Sunlong are all sophistry speech and to be criticized,and his criticism of Yin-Yang school is more thorough.But he didn’t criticize only,but absorbed the beneficial Taoism to enrich his own system of Confucianism.The third chapter mainly elaborates the inheritance and development of Confucianism of Fa Yan from three aspects.In the theory of human nature,Yang Xiong compromised Mencius and Xun Zi’s theory of human nature and first proposed"mixed with good and evil".This paper firstly expounds the theory of human nature of the pre-qin Confucian Mencius and Xun Zi,and based on this expands the understanding of Yang Xiong’s theory of human nature and the development of Confucian Humanity Theory.In epistemology,Yang Xiong criticized the prophetic-minded superstition severely and opened the rational thoughts.Yang Xiong maintained a clear understanding about the calamity superstition in Han period,his critique of the superstition can be found everywhere in Fa Yan.Therefore,Yang Xiong advocated the cognitive view of "Shang Zhi",which confirmed the subjective initiative of people,to promote the development of Confucianism.In ethics aspect,Yang Xiong absorbed Taoist ideas and exerted Confucian ethics thought.This paper discusses Yang Xiong’s ethics from the benevolence theory,moral values and reed testimonies three parts.Yang Xiong’s benevolence theory and reed testimonies inherit the pre-qin Confucian ethics,but his moral values absorb Taoist ideas obviously.The fourth chapter discusses the significance and influence of Yang Xiong’s criticism about other schools and its development of Confucianism in Fa Yan.This paper discusses from two aspects.On one hand,Yang Xiong criticizes the theory of other schools and clears the unreasonable factors for the development of Confucianism.On the other hand,Fa Yan promotes the development of Confucianism,and has influenced Huan Tan and Wang Chong,and so on,and provides the reference for Han Yu’s Confucian orthodoxy.更多还原