【作者】 张丽；

【导师】 任晓冬； 尼古拉斯·费斯；

【作者基本信息】 贵州师范大学 ， 人文地理学， 2021， 硕士

【副题名】以草海30年保护史为例

【摘要】 随着全球城市化、工业化进程的加快,全球生态环境压力日益增大,通过建立自然保护区保护自然本底、维护生物多样性已成为各国应对生态环境危机的主要措施。西部贫困地区的自然保护区作为我国生态屏障的重要组成部分,存在生态环境脆弱、周边社区经济发展水平低、人口贫困、人地矛盾突出等问题,严重阻碍了人与自然的协调发展。人类作为自然保护区人地关系演变的推动者,其保护态度和行为决定着自然保护区人地关系的演变方向,因此对西部贫困地区自然保护区进行保护策略的研究,是当前生态文明建设的必然要求,更是缓解人地矛盾,促进人地关系协调发展的紧迫诉求。本研究以草海国家级自然保护区为例,将草海与周边社区视为复合生态系统,通过文本分析法、半结构化访谈法、问卷调查法等研究方法,以草海30年保护史为研究对象,梳理了草海保护区自成立以来三个阶段的保护历程,总结了不同阶段的保护策略。运用行动者网络理论(ANT)构建草海保护策略演变的行动者网络,分析草海保护策略的演变特征,归纳了草海保护的经验,提出以实现草海人地关系协调发展为目标的保护策略。首先,文章通过对草海保护史的梳理总结出草海的保护策略在矛盾冲突阶段(1985-1991年)是抢救式的保护策略,抑制社区发展;在价值开发阶段(1992-2014年)是“以发展促保护”的策略,探索社区参与保护的模式,加强草海生态旅游的开发;在严格管控阶段(2015年至今)是“以严治守生态”的策略,对草海进行严格管控,加强环境治理,禁止旅游。其次,对草海保护策略演变的行动者网络分析发现,草海保护策略存在两种演变过程:(1)“以发展促保护”策略演变过程。各行动者围绕强制通行点“社区参与保护”寻求各自的利益,草海保护区管理处为该阶段的关键行动者,各行动者在关键行动者的利益征召下完成动员过程,最终形成了较为稳定的行动者网络,随着行动者网络的不断发展,网络后期产生了新的强制通行点,即“加快城市化进程”,保护策略逐渐失效。(2)“以严治守生态”策略演变过程。关键行动者转变为政府,征召方式转变为以政策征召为主,社区居民、游客、企业组织等行动者利益受损,网络存在诸多异议。最后,通过上述分析归纳得出以下保护经验:(1)关键行动者通过利益征召的方式,满足社区居民核心需求,能有效缓解草海保护区的人地矛盾;(2)若社区参与保护缺乏有效的参与机制,社区不需要对草海投入维护成本就可以利用其景观价值带来益处,容易产生“搭便车”行为,陷入集体行动的困境。(3)各行动者参与保护的话语权不平等,会削弱各行动者参与保护的动力,容易产生异议影响网络稳定。通过对草海保护策略的研究认为,西部贫困地区自然保护区在制定保护策略时要正确认识自然保护区人地关系的演变过程,要结合历史谈经验,结合现状谈保护。要以关键问题为导向,协调好各行动者之间的利益;重视非人类行动者的权利,保持自然生态环境的活力;以全局观、可持续发展的眼光把握好对非人类行动者角色的定义;平衡各人类行动者参与保护的权利,建立有效的沟通渠道,广泛采纳各方行动者的保护意见;以多元化的征召方式维系保护策略演变的行动者网络稳定。更多还原

【Abstract】 With the acceleration of global urbanization and industrialization,the pressure of global ecological environment is increasing gradually.The establishment of nature reserves is to protect the original natural ecology and maintain biodiversity which has become the main measures for countries in the world to cope with the ecological environment crisis.As an important part of ecological barrier in China,there are some problems in the nature reserves in the western Poverty-Stricken region,which includes fragile ecological environment,low level of economic in surrounding communities,poor and prominent contradiction between human and nature,which seriously hinder the coordinated development of human and nature.Human as the promoter of the evolution of manland relationship in nature reserves,whose protection attitude and behavior determine the evolution’ direction of man-land relationship in nature reserves.Therefore,the research of the conservation strategy of nature reserves in western poverty-stricken regions is not only an inevitable requirement of the ecological civilization construction,but also the urgent demand of alleviating the man-land contradiction and promoting the coordinated development of man-land relationship.Taking Caohai National Nature Reserve as an example,this study regards Caohai and its surrounding communities as a compound ecosystem through the methods of text analysis,semi-structured interview,questionnaire survey,etc.Taking the 30-year protection history of Caohai as the research object,this paper combs the protection process of Caohai in three stages since its establishment,and summarizes the conservation strategy in different stages.Based on the actor-network theory(ANT),this paper constructs the actor-network of about the evolution of the conservation strategy in Caohai,analyzes the evolution characteristics of the conservation strategy in Caohai,sums up the protection experience,and Propose a conservation strategy for the coordinated development of man-land relationship in Caohai.First of all,through combing the protection history of Caohai,this paper summarizes the conservation strategy in Caohai.The conflict stage(1985-1991)contains the conservation strategy of rescuing the nature reserve and inhibits community development.As for the value development stage(1992-2014),the conservation strategy is to "promote protection by development" which explores the mode of community participation in protection,and strengthen the development of Eco-tourism in Caohai.When it turns to the strict control stage(2015 to now),the conservation strategy is based on "protect the ecology by strict management" by strengthening environmental governance,and tourism prohibition.Secondly,by analyzing the actor-network of the evolution of the conservation strategy in Caohai,it is found that there are two evolution processes of the conservation strategy in Caohai:(1)the evolution process of the strategy of "development".The Management Office of Caohai Nature Reserve is the key actor in this stage.Each actor completes the mobilization process under the call of the key actor’s interests,and finally forms a relatively stable actor-network.With the continuous development of the actor-network,in the later period of the network,a new "speed up the process of urbanization" forced access point has come into being,the conservation strategy is gradually invalid.(2)The evolution process in the strategy of "strictly governing ecology".The key actor is changed into the government,the recruitment mode is changed into policy recruitment,the interests of community residents,tourists,business organizations and other actors are damaged,and there are many objections in the network.Finally,through the above analysis,we conclude the following protection experience:(1)the key actors can meet the core needs of the community residents by means of interest recruitment,which can effectively alleviate the contradiction between people and land in the Caohai Nature Reserve;(2)in the absence of an effective participatory mechanism for community involvement in conservation,communities can benefit from the landscape value of the Caohai Nature Reserve without the need for investment in maintenance costs,easy to produce "free riding" behavior,and fall into the dilemma of collective action.(3)The unequal discourse power of each actor in the protection will weaken the motivation of each actor,and it is easy to produce objections,which will affect the stability of the network.Based on the research on the conservation strategy in Caohai,the author put forward that when formulating the conservation strategy of the nature reserve in the western poverty-stricken regions,it is important correctly understand the evolution process of the relationship between man and land in the nature reserve,talking about experience in the light of history,talking about protection in the light of current situation,take the key issues as the guidance,coordinate the interests of various actors,and pay attention to the rights of non-human actors,and maintain the vitality of the natural ecological environment.It is necessary to not only balance the protection rights of all human actors,establish effective communication channels,and widely adopt the protection opinions of various actors but also maintain the stability of the actor-network in the evolution of conservation strategies by means of diversified enrollment.更多还原