顾炎武和丁若镛的实学思想比较研究

【作者】 王静；

【导师】 俞成云；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 亚非语言文学， 2020， 硕士

【摘要】 實學思想在中韓文學發展史上都有重要的意義,分別在中國明末清初和韓國的朝鮮後期達到頂峰。其中顧炎武和丁若鏞又分別是其中的代表人物,他們的實學思想內涵豐富且對後世影響深遠。丁若鏞和與顧炎武的思想不是互相獨立的,而是有深刻的影響關係。本論文作為中韓文學比較研究中的一環,以明末清初時期的顧炎武和朝鮮後期的丁若鏞的實學思想為研究对象,通過比較分析得出兩人實學思想之間的影響關係。本論文首先介紹實學在中韓兩國的形成和發展過程,然後通過介紹顧炎武和丁若鏞的生涯及他們生活的時代狀況,來考察兩人實學思想產生的背景。然後,將他們的實學思想分為哲學、經世學、經學和文學四個部分進行具體分析。最後探究兩人的實學思想的影響關係,即顧炎武對丁若鏞的影響和丁若镛对其实学思想的创新和发展。首先哲學思想是顧炎武和丁若鏞實學思想體系的理論基礎。顧炎武的宇宙觀認為天地萬物皆是氣,並且萬事都是變化的,知行論上強調博學于文行己有恥,人性論上主張性善論。丁若鏞則秉持太極生萬物的宇宙論,人性論提出性嗜好論,實踐論則認為需要人主動選擇向善,向著傳統儒教的道德標準去實踐。經世學思想是實學思想的本質所在,也是其核心內容。本文從政治和經濟兩大方面來論述顧炎武和丁若鏞的實學思想的經世學內容。具體來說,顧炎武政治方面的的思想主要有,天下興亡匹夫有責的公天下觀,寓封建之意於郡縣之中,科學的人才選拔方法和健全的官僚制度,人治和法制的協調,民主議政,以及“華夷大防”和“寓兵於農”的國防政策。經濟上主要是關於農業工商業以及貨幣政策的一些建議,農業上主張因地制宜合理利用土地,提倡墾田和均田制;工商業方面,顧炎武力倡紡織業,主張商品自由流通;貨幣方面主張財產私有,藏富於民。丁若鏞的經世學思想與顧炎武有很多相似點。政治上,主要包括王道政治的國家觀,主權在民的民本思想,分權的郡縣制,官僚制和科舉制的改革,開放性的華夷觀和兵農一致的國防論。經濟上也分為農業工商業和貨幣三部分。農業上提倡閭田制和井田制,主張大力發展手工業,鼓勵商品流通以及貨幣流通。經學是指古代研究儒家經典學說,並闡明其含義的學問,作為一種治學方法在他們思想形成的過程中起著方法論的作用。顧炎武和顧炎武以考證為基礎,對古代經典和史書進行研究和注解,從中挖掘出經世治國之道,此外丁若鏞進行了大量的經學著述,成就頗豐。丁若鏞和顧炎武的文學觀是他們實學思想最直接的體現。二人在文學方面也有諸多相似的觀點,首先發揮是文學的社會功能,注重文學的實用性。其次是在文學作品的創作方式上,比起形式作品的內容更重要,要擺脫形式的束縛表達真情實感。顧炎武的文學觀中另一個不可忽視的點是,要用變化的眼光創作符合時代需要的文學作品。丁若鏞則主張作為朝鮮人要創作從語言到內容都本土化的文學作品,而不是一味模仿中國。最後是通過比較分析探究顧炎武和丁若鏞實學思想的影響關係,由於時間先後順序,兩人之間的影響關係為顧炎武對丁若鏞的影響。丁若鏞通過閱讀顧炎武文學作品的方式,從郡縣論、井田法等具體社會改革方案到考證學的治學方法,受到顧炎武實學思想諸多方面的影響.但是丁若鏞對顧炎武的實學思想不是全盤接受而是批判性地學習,並結合朝鮮社會的實際情況,發展成為自己獨特的實學思想體系。更多还原

【Abstract】 Practical learning thought has important significance in the history of the development of Chinese and Korean literature and reached its peak in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasty in China and Late Chosun Dynasty in Korea.A mong them,Gu Yanwu and Ding Ruoyong are the representative figures,and their practical thought had far-reaching influence on later generations.Moreover,the thoughts of Ding Ruoyong and Gu Yanwu were not independent of each other but had a deep influence on each other.This paper,as a part of the comparative study of Chinese and Korean literature,takes the practical learning thoughts of Gu Yanwu as the research question and probes into their inter-impa cts through comparative analysis.This paper firstly introduces the formation and development of practical learning in China and Korea,and then examines the background of the two persons by introducing Gu Yanwu and Ding Ruoyong’s career and their living conditions.Secondly,their practical learning thoughts are divided into four parts: philosophy,sociology in social management,classics study and literature.At last,the paper explores how they influenced each other.Philosophical thought is the theoretical basis of Gu Yanwu and Ding Ruofu’s thinking system.Gu Yanwu’s cosmology holds that everything in the universe is Qi,and all things are changeable.In the theory of knowledge and practice,he emphasizes that erudition is what one pursues and one should feel asham ed of transgression;in the theory of human nature,he advocates that human is born to have good will.Ding Ruoyong upholds the cosmology of Taiji’s creat ion of all things,and contends that everyone takes fancy in nature,while the the ory of practice holds that people need to actively choose to be good and pract ice towards the moral standards of traditional Confucianism.Social management is the essence of the practical learning thought.This a rticle from the political and economic aspects to discuss this part of the two persons.Concretely speaking,Gu Yanwu’s political thoughts mainly include the following: the mentality that everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world,the idea of utilizing feudalism in prefectures and counties,scientific personnel selection methods with sound bureaucratic system,the coordination into rule of law,democratic political discussion,the national defense policy of “est ablishing troops meanwhile developing agriculture".Economically,it is mainly about some suggestions of agriculture,industry and commerce as well as mone tary policy.In agriculture,it is advocated to use land rationally according to local conditions,to cultivate land and to distribute land equally.In industry and commerce,Gu Yan advocated to develop textile industry and supports free circ ulation of commodities.In currency,he takes favor in keeping wealth in private sectors.There are many similarities between these two thoughts,including the view of benevolent government,the people-oriented sovereignty,the implementation of decentralized system,the reform of bureaucratic system and imperial exa mination system,the view of national defense.Economically,they vigorously support developed handicraft and mining industries,and encouraged the circulati on of commodities and money.The study of Confucian classics plays a methodological role in the formati on of their thoughts.On the basis of textual research,Gu Yanwu and Gu Yan wu studied and annotated the ancient classics and historical books,from which they excavated the way of governing the country.In addition,Ding Ruoyong wrote a large number of Confucian classics and made great achievements.Ding Ruoyong and Gu Yanwu are not only practical thinkers but also writ ers,and their literary views are the most direct embodiment of their practical thoughts.They also have many similar views on literature.Firstly,they give full play to the social function of literature and pay attention to the practicability of literature.Secondly,they both believe content is more important than the form of literature.Another point that cannot be ignored in Gu Yanwu’s literary view is to create literary works that meet the needs of the times with a updated vision.Ding Ruoyong advocated that as a Korean,he should create localize d literary works from language to content,rather than blindly imitate China.The last part is the comparative analysis of the influence of Gu Yanwu’s practical learning thought on Ding Ruofu’s.Through the way of reading Gu Ya nwu’s literary works,Ding Ruoyong was influenced by many aspects of Gu Ya nwu’s practical thoughts,from the specific social reform programs such as county theory,mine field method to the research methods of textual criticism.However,Ding Ruoyong did not fully accept Gu Yanwu’s practical learning thought,but studied it critically and combined with the actual situation of Korean society,therefore developed into his own unique practical learning ideological system.更多还原